My system is not decent

Among the more famous cups in Haihunhou's tomb, there are 121 Li Ju cups (large).

It belongs to the wooden body made of wood, with black lacquer on the outside and vermilion lacquer on the inside.

The ears are covered with vortex-like moiré patterns, and the moiré patterns are connected by curves and broken lines, and the simplified triangular moiré patterns are drawn below the ears.

There are two groups of upper and lower circle band-shaped decorations distributed on the outer wall, and the upper part of the outer wall is painted with vermilion lacquer on the black ground to draw a circle of vortex cloud patterns (including the sides of the ears).

A circle of crane patterns is painted on the lower part of the outer wall, and there are four groups of symmetrical cranes at both ends and sides.

The word "Li Gu" is written in red lacquer in the center of the bottom.

The cup is 16.5 long, 14 wide, 6.5 centimeters high and weighs 230 grams.

As long as there are big cups, there must be small ones, and there are quite a few of them.

Li Ju Cup (small), a total of 127 pieces were found.

They are also made of wood, with black lacquer on the outside and red lacquer on the inside.

The ears are covered with vortex-like moiré patterns, and the moiré patterns are connected by curves and broken lines, and the simplified triangular moiré patterns are drawn below the ears.

There are two groups of upper and lower circle band-shaped decorations distributed on the outer wall, and the upper part of the outer wall is painted with vermilion lacquer on the black ground to draw a circle of vortex cloud patterns (including the sides of the ears).

The lower part of the outer wall is painted with a circle of crane patterns, and the word "Li Gu" is written in black lacquer on the inner bottom.

It is basically the same as the Li Ju Cup (large) decoration, only slightly smaller in shape.

This smaller cup is 13 long, 11 wide, 4 cm high, and weighs 135 grams.

These are clearly recognizable lacquered woodware. Besides the familiar ones, there are also some unfamiliar ones, but it can be seen that they are household utensils.

For example, 14 of them were found in the tomb of Haihunhou.

These goblets are all cylindrical, with a straight mouth, straight walls, and a flat bottom.

According to the size and decoration of the swan, it can be divided into three types: the red lacquer swan, the black lacquer swan, and the small swan.

A piece of red lacquer was found in the tomb of Haihunhou. It was a rolled wooden body, painted red lacquer all over, and only a circle of black lacquer was painted on the edge of the inner wall.

The outer wall is decorated with black lacquer depicting cloud pattern, triangular pattern and deformed bird pattern pattern frieze.

No lids and ears are seen.It has a diameter of 23, a height of 17 cm, and a weight of 820 grams (Figure [-]).

1 piece of black lacquer, which belongs to the folder tire, the surface is painted with dark brown lacquer, and the inside is painted with vermilion lacquer.

The surface of the utensil is decorated with cloud patterns and bird head patterns.

There is a circle of silver buckles on the edge of the mouth, and a circle of silver hoops in the middle and bottom of the watch.

There are double-ring ear handles, but no cover is seen.

It has a diameter of 16, a height of 14 cm and a weight of 400 grams.

There are 11 pieces of small scorpions, also belonging to the folder tires, painted with black lacquer on the outside and red lacquer on the inside.

It has a cover and double-ringed ears. The cover is round, with an arc top, straight walls, a straight mouth, round lips, and a copper handle on the top.

The vermilion lacquer on the outer wall depicts a circle of triangles and deformed bird head patterns, and there is a border on the top and bottom of the decorative strip.

It has a diameter of 9, a height of 8.5 cm and a weight of 90 grams.

So what is 卮?In fact, it is very simple. Lacquer is a cup for wine or drinking water, which is made of bent wood chips.

Generally, it is cylindrical in shape, with a finger on it, which can be divided into double and single.

The cylinder-shaped lacquerware unearthed in Fuyang in 1977 from the tomb of Dangyinhou in the Western Han Dynasty was named "卮".

Lacquer was a utensil widely used during the Zhou, Qin, Han and Jin Dynasties, and was an indispensable item in daily life at that time.

The lacquer cups of the Warring States period are rare, and their shape is similar to that of the later cylindrical cups.

卮 is an ancient drinking vessel with silver, copper, lacquer, jade, pottery and so on.

There are quite a few lacquer gates unearthed from the tombs. For example, two lacquer gates were unearthed from Yinque Mountain, which are gorse and are shaped like cups.

These cups are cylindrical in shape, mostly with flat bottoms, or with three legs attached to the bottom.

In addition, three pieces of lacquer goblets were unearthed at the same place, most of which had ears on one side, some had ears on both sides or no ears, and some artifacts had ears on one side.

The archaeologically discovered lacquer walls are mainly distributed in Fenghuang Mountain, Sichuan, and they are covered or uncovered.

The high-quality lacquer products mainly appeared in the Han Dynasty, because the Han Dynasty was a glorious era in the history of the Chinese nation.

The 400-year history of the Han Dynasty has created the rise of the Chinese nation.

On the basis of inheriting the lacquerware of the Warring States Period, the lacquerware of the Han Dynasty ushered in unprecedented development.

It is precisely because of the development of lacquer ware that the style of wine utensils was affected. Lacquer ware wine utensils gradually replaced bronze wine utensils and prevailed in the Han Dynasty.

Compared with bronze ware, lacquer ware is not as durable as bronze ware, but its gorgeousness and lightness reveal a kind of elegance and elegance.

Anyone who has seen lacquerware of the Han Dynasty will be attracted by its bright lacquer color, strong visual contrast between red and black, and unpredictable cloud pattern decoration.

Created Han Dynasty lacquer decoration, with strong and unified characteristics of the times.

These lacquerware not only became an important part of the painting art of the Han Dynasty, but also the most representative and magnificent chapter in the history of the development of Chinese wine culture.

For example, the ear cup mentioned earlier is actually a kind of wine utensil, and of course it can be used for other purposes.

Ear cups, also known as "feather cups", were used to hold wine or soup in ancient times.

The wine glass was first seen in the Song of Chu "Calling the Soul": "It is a secret drink of Yaojiang pulp, and it is a real wine glass."

The name of the wine glass can be seen in the poems of the Han and Jin Dynasties. For example, in "Hanshu Biography of Foreign Relatives", there is a sentence "drinking the wine glass to relieve worries", which means pouring wine into the wine glass, drinking can relieve worries and eliminate worries.

According to records, it takes hundreds of working days to make an ear cup, which shows the difficulty of lacquer making.

In Shamawangdui Lake, more than 100 ear cups have been unearthed, which are exquisitely made, similar in shape and slightly different in size.

The inside of the cup is painted with red lacquer, and the words "Jun Xingjiu" or "Jun Xing Shi" are written on the inner bottom with black lacquer.

It means "please drink" or "please eat".

"One liter", "one and a half liters" or "four liters" are written in Zhu on the back of the ear, indicating the capacity unit, among which the "one liter" cup is the most beautiful.

For wine utensils like this, the classic must be the moiré lacquer.

The cloud-pattern lacquer is also a kind of wine container, made of rolled wooden tires, which is a popular new craft in the Han Dynasty.

Black lacquer on the surface, red lacquer on the inside, swirls and cloud patterns painted in red on the cover and body.

The edge of the cover and the mouth of the body are painted with rhombus and geometric patterns on the bottom edge.

The black lacquer book "Jun Xingjiu" inside the vessel, and the vermilion writing "Dou", "Seven liters" and "Two liters" on the bottom of the vessel indicate the unit of capacity.

There are many works of art that are similar to this kind of wine utensils, or have similar craftsmanship, such as lacquer francium with cloud and bird patterns.

This kind of lacquer francium with cloud and bird pattern is also a wine container.

When it was unearthed, there were wine residues in it, and the list of funerary objects was called "lacquer painting Fang (francium)", and it was written "Sheng Baijiu" or "Sheng Rice Wine".

The cloud and bird pattern lacquer is painted with red lacquer on the inside, and the black lacquer on the surface of the vessel is painted with red and gray green patterns such as phoenix birds and cloud patterns, with dense and even lines.

The lacquer is francium red and black, with strong contrast, the shape is stable and generous, the lines are simple and smooth, and the word "four buckets" is written in Zhu script on the bottom of the outside of the vessel.

In addition, there are moiré lacquer clocks.

According to the remaining wine sediment in the unearthed vessel and the "Qing Ce" unearthed from the tomb, it is shown that the lacquer bell was a utensil for warming wine.

That is, the low-alcohol wine made from fermented rice koji is similar to modern sweet wine.

This lacquerware has the word "stone" written in red on the bottom, which is 120 catties made in Han Dynasty.

It is equivalent to 13.5 kilograms today, and its measured capacity is 19.5 liters.