The self of the heavens has billions of clones

Chapter 135

The silk painting "Ladies Playing Chess" unearthed from Tang Tomb No. 187 in Astana, Turpan, Xinjiang, is an image depiction of noble women playing Go at that time.At that time, the chess game had 19 lines as the main shape, and the Go pieces had changed from square to round. The porcelain Go board unearthed in 1959 from the tomb of Zhang Sheng of the Sui Dynasty in Anyang, Henan Province, the Tang Dynasty gift of Emperor Komu of Japan, and the wooden Go board with ivory inlaid pincers in the Shosoin, Japan, both have 19 vertical and horizontal lines.The black and white round Go pieces of the Tang Dynasty in the China Sports Museum, and the 50 black and white round Go pieces unearthed from the tomb of Yang Gongzuo of the Song Dynasty in Huai'an, all reflect the changes and development of Go during this period.The implementation of the system of "Chess Waiting for an Edict" in the Tang Dynasty is a new symbol in the history of Chinese Weiqi development.The so-called chess waiting edict refers to the professional chess players who accompanied the emperor to play chess in Tang Hanlin Academy.At that time, the chess orders enshrined in the inner court were all selected from many chess players after strict examination.They all have high chess skills, so they are called "national players".The famous chess orders in the Tang Dynasty include Wang Jixin in Tang Xuanzong's time, Wang Shuwen in Tang Dezong's time, Gu Shiyan in Tang Xuanzong's time, and Hua Neng in Tang Xinzong's time.Due to the implementation of the chess system, the influence of Go has been expanded, and the social status of chess players has also been improved.This system lasted for more than 500 years from the early Tang Dynasty to the Southern Song Dynasty, and played a great role in promoting the development of Chinese Weiqi.

Ancient Go began in the Tang Dynasty, and with the exchange of Chinese and foreign cultures, Go gradually went abroad.First of all, it was Japan, which sent the mission to the Tang Dynasty to bring back Go, and Go quickly spread in Japan.Not only have many famous Go players emerged, but they are also very particular about the production of chess pieces and chess games.For example, the chess game brought by the Japanese prince who came to the Tang Dynasty as a tribute in Tang Xuanzong's second year (848) was carved with "jade jade", and the chess pieces were made of "jade jade" in the hands-on pool on Jizhen Island. "It's done.In addition to Japan, Baekje, Goryeo, and Silla on the Korean peninsula also had contacts with China. In particular, Silla sent envoys to Tang many times, and Go exchanges were even more common. "New Book of Tang·Dongyi Biography" records the situation of Yang Jiying, a Go master in the Tang Dynasty, playing chess with players from Silla, which shows that Silla's Go at that time had also reached a certain level.

Ming and Qing
In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the level of chess skills has been improved rapidly.One of its manifestations is the emergence of genres.During the Zhengde and Jiajing years of the Ming Dynasty, three famous schools of Go were formed: one was the Yongjia school with Bao Yizhong (from Yongjia) as the crown, and the Yongjia school attached to Li Chong, Zhou Yuan, and Xu Xisheng; Crown, the Xin'an School attached to Wang Shu and Fang Ziqian; the first is the Jingshi School with Yan Lun and Li Fu (Beijingers) as the crowns.These three factions have different styles and layouts with different emphasis on offense and defense, but they are all famous players at that time.Driven by them, Go, which had long been monopolized by literati and bureaucrats, began to develop among the citizens, and a group of "little people in the alleys" emerged.Through frequent folk competitions, they further popularized the game of Go.With the prosperity of Go entertainment activities, there are also a large number of Go records compiled by some folk chess artists, such as "Suitability Record", "Shishi Xianji", "Sancai Tuhui Chess Record", "Xianji Arsenal" and "History of Games" , "Yi Wen" and more than 20 kinds of Ming version Go records are all valuable works in existence, from which we can get a glimpse of the high development of Go skills and theories at that time.

The absorption and advocacy of the Han culture by the rulers of the Manchu nationality also made the Weiqi recreational activity highly developed in the Qing Dynasty, with famous players emerging in large numbers and the chess court unprecedentedly prosperous.At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, there were already a group of famous masters, among them Guo Bailing, Sheng Dayou, and Wu Ruicheng.In particular, the second volume of "Sizipu" written by Guo Bailing changed the method of writing the old spectrum of the Ming Dynasty, and elaborated it in detail to make the most of it, becoming a masterpiece.From the end of Qing Emperor Kangxi to the beginning of Jiaqing, chess learning became more prosperous, and a large number of famous players emerged in the chess world.Among them, Liang Weijin, Cheng Lanru, Fan Xiping and Shi Xiangxia are called the "Four Great Masters".Among the four, Liang Weijin's chess style is ingenious and changeable, which greatly benefited Shi Xiangxia and Fan Xiping later.Shi and Fan are both from Haining, Zhejiang Province, and became famous at the same time when they were young. They are called "Er Miao Haichang".It is said that when Shi Xiangxia was 30 years old and Fan Xiping was 31 years old, they played chess in Danghu. After 10 rounds of fighting, the outcome was even. "Ten Games of Danghu" was played thrillingly and became an exquisite work passed down through the ages.

spread
After Emperor Yao, the creator of Go, reached the middle of the 19th century, the level of Go in Japan caught up with China, and in the following 100 years, China was left far behind.

The exchanges between China and Vietnam can be traced back to the Qin and Han Dynasties. In the Western Han Dynasty, Jiaozhi County was established, and its jurisdiction included most of Vietnam.Since then, Vietnam has long been influenced by Chinese culture.There is no historical record of the spread of Go in Vietnam, but it is estimated that it will not be later than the 12th century.From Yuan to Yuanzhong (around 1280), Xu Mingshan was sent as an envoy to Annan (ie Vietnam).In Annan, he once watched the local noble children play chess, and wrote a poem "Annan Spring Night Watching Chess for the Son", in which there is "Lvcang Courtyard Moon Jujuan, people are small and beautiful in the pot. The whole body is a red candle bottom, The heart travels to the edge of the blue sky" and other words, which shows that Vietnamese Go was very popular at that time, and it also paid attention to elegant taste.

When Zheng He traveled to the West in the Ming Dynasty, he saw that Go was very popular in Southeast Asian countries.For example, Ma Guan's "Yingya Shenglan", which records the scenery along the way, said: "The country of the Three Buddhas is good...playing chess." The country of the Three Buddhas is a part of Indonesia.This shows that Go was very popular in Southeast Asian countries at least before the Ming Dynasty.

There are different opinions about the time when Go was introduced to Europe, but it is generally believed to be in the middle of the 17th century.For quite a long period of time, many Europeans believed that Go was invented by the Japanese.Later they gradually learned that Go actually first appeared in China.

After the Meiji Restoration of Japanese Go, players lost the support of the shogunate and began to seek new ways of making a living, which led to the emergence of news chess games and the modern rank system, and the establishment of a nationwide Japanese Go Academy.During the Showa era, Wu Qingyuan and Kigu Mino jointly set off the trend of "new layout" and started the era of modern Go.Afterwards, first-class chess players in the Japanese chess world emerged in large numbers, such as Sakata Eiko, Fujisawa Hideyuki, Takakawa Ge, and later Otake Hideo, Takemiya Masaki, Kobayashi Koichi, Ishida Yoshio and so on.

After the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949, the level of professional Go in China was quite low.Since 1960, the China-Japan Go Friendship Tournament has been held every year.Among them, the 1961-year-old Tomoe Ito (female) of the second Japanese Go delegation who visited China in 55 swept the top players in China at that time and won all eight rounds. In 1964, it was renamed the Sino-Japanese Go Tournament, and it was held until 1991. In 1984, the first China-Japan Go Tournament opened, which opened the prelude to the exchange of Go between China and Japan.Chinese Nie Weiping won 11 consecutive victories in the first three group arenas, which greatly promoted the popularity of Chinese Go.

On April 1988, 4, the National Sports Commission of China issued the "National Go Duan Standard", "Implementation Rules for the National Go Duan Standard" and "Go Local Duan System".

(End of this chapter)