Black Technology Refresher Manual

Pure academic research requires communication, and the International Physics Conference provides a physical platform for all physicists around the world to exchange views and latest research.

The Solvay Physics Conference is one of the most famous international physics conferences.

In fact, in the past 20 years, the physics world has stagnated, and there have been no groundbreaking major discoveries, so that the reputation of the Solvay Physics Conference has not been obvious.

But if you go back to the 80th Solvay Physics Conference more than [-] years ago, you will know that there is still no reason why no international physics conference can surpass its status!

Because of the 29 physicists who participated in the Fifth Solvay Physics Conference, a total of 17 people won the Nobel Prize.

It was a physics meeting that could be called a godsend.

In fact, the Solvay conference holds physics and chemistry conferences separately, held every three years, with physics in the first year and chemistry in the third year, with a bye year in between.

This year happens to be the turn of the 26th Physics Conference.

Only invited physicists will be able to participate in the first three days of the meeting, but someone will compile the meeting minutes and make them public.

The last two days of lectures are open to the public and anyone can attend.

If Sheng Mingan wanted to participate in the first three days of the physics conference, he was either invited or brought in by the physicists who received the invitation.

What Professor Zhu meant was to recommend Sheng Mingan to seize this opportunity to attend the Solvay Physics Conference, and to help him find a physicist who received the invitation to take him to the conference!

Sheng Mingan was at a loss, but excited.

"Thank you, Professor Zhu."

Professor Zhu said slowly: "Don't be in a hurry to thank me. I'm just lobbying for you, and you can't say for sure whether someone agrees or not. At least you have to learn the quantum mechanics well, or you will be laughed at if you take a layman there?"

Sheng Mingan raised a smile: "I promise to study hard and keep up with the progress."

"Just one month." Professor Zhu walked off the podium with the teaching plan between his arms, and said to Sheng Ming'an: "If you...predict quantum leaps within this month, yes, if you can come up with a similar research direction for this research direction, If you come up with a plan, I'm old enough to risk it all and ask someone to take you there. But if you really come up with a decent plan, I don't think anyone will refuse it."

"Okay..." Professor Zhu waved his hand: "Go and study..."

Sheng Mingan walked briskly: "Goodbye, professor..."

Sheng Ming'an's index finger picked at the palm of his hand again and again. Thinking back to the superconductivity experiment mentioned by Professor Zhu just now, the more he thought about it, the more he felt that it seemed a bit messed up.

So the pace suddenly turned to the right, speeding up and heading towards the library.

As for the next class?

do not care!Anyway, some basic knowledge of optics!

Sheng Mingan happily skipped class with a cheerful mood.

When Professor Zhu returned to the office, it wasn't long before Professor Pan, who was also his good friend and professor of quantum mechanics at HKUST, came to him.

"It's just in time..." Professor Zhu said, "You have received the invitation to this year's Solvay Physics Conference, right?"

Professor Pan: "Yes..."

Professor Zhu: "How many students do you plan to bring there?"

Professor Pan said: "Two. Why do you mention this? Do you have any recommendations?"

"What do you think of Sheng Ming'an?" Professor Zhu described what happened in the lecture theater this morning, and then said: "I think he has a thorough understanding of the Schrödinger equation and the electron double-slit interference experiment. He is the only one who listens to the hundreds of students in the morning. He understands and solves the problems I gave. The speed is fast, and the thinking is very clear. It can be seen that he is really interested in quantum mechanics."

Professor Pan said in a spirited manner: "He is a student of the Department of Optical Engineering."

"What's the point? They're all physics departments anyway! They're all branches of physics! What's wrong with learning one more quantum mechanics?!" Professor Zhu stared: "Sheng Ming'an studied radar engineering last year, didn't he also choose the optical engineering department this year?" ?Maybe he will know the charm of quantum mechanics after studying it."

Professor Pan went back: "Radar for a while, optics for a while, and then you will be interested in quantum mechanics. Maybe next time you will be interested in relativity and astrophysics. If you are uncertain, how can you make great achievements?"

"I said, Old Pan, are you trying to fight against me today?" Professor Zhu finally realized that something was wrong, and looked at Professor Pan: "When you see talented students, you will patiently persuade them and stimulate their interest in quantum mechanics, but this meeting is not right for Sheng Ming. Classmate An is picky, do you have any opinion on him?"

"That's not true..." Professor Pan denied.

Professor Pan met Sheng Mingan at the Tan Kah Kee Natural Science Awards in August, and encouraged him to consider his laboratory if he was still interested in quantum mechanics after two or three years.

But he didn't expect that Sheng Ming'an would switch to the embrace of quantum mechanics as soon as he started, and he was still a student of the Department of Optical Engineering at this time.

"Optics and quantum mechanics are two sub-disciplines with rich and majestic content in the field of physics. There are many departments and research directions under the discipline. How can you get results without concentrating on each research direction for three or four years? If only in the If you make an achievement in the field of quantum mechanics and then quickly jump to other disciplines, it would be better not to learn quantum theory."

Similar to what Professor Pan said, Elder Shen also said it.

really……

Even for a genius, it is impossible for a poor person to study all of a certain subject area in a lifetime, let alone study two major research areas concurrently.

Not all geniuses are physicists such as Einstein and Marie Curie in the last century.

So Professor Pan didn't quite agree with Sheng Ming Anton's practice of "one hammer west one hammer".

In this regard, Professor Zhu is very open.

"Old Pan, you are narrow-minded." Professor Zhu laughed loudly: "How many physicists have achieved more than a certain physics discipline, let alone a certain field of physics. You see, Mr. Yang is not limited to particle physics, Have you made milestone contributions in multiple fields such as statistical mechanics and condensed matter physics? Besides, Sheng Ming’an can jump out of the circle of physics if he jumps out again?"

"There are still people in this world who can win the Nobel Prize in physics and the Fields Medal, which is called the Nobel Prize in mathematics, at the same time. There are also physicists who have won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry instead... Don't underestimate the terrifying potential of geniuses."

After all, Professor Zhu paused for a moment, and said with a sigh: "To be honest, I am very optimistic about Sheng Ming'an. You see, Lao Pan, who can make achievements in the fields of electromagnetic radar and optical laser pulse in a short period of time. With one SCI article and two top-level journal articles, which young physicist in Huaguo has achieved the achievement of Sheng Mingan in the past ten years?"

Professor Pan took a sip of tea. At this time, his mood was calm and his mind was clear, and he immediately understood what his old friend was thinking.

"Huaguo's physics community needs a leader who can shock the world—this is what you want to express."

"Yes..." Professor Zhu replied with a smile, "There is another more important reason!" He rubbed his hands: "The elective system will be opened in a few days, and I happened to take the elective course of quantum mechanics this semester. Sheng Mingan Definitely choose me, after all, I am his teacher!"

It doesn't matter if there are no epoch-making achievements in the field of physics, just let the talented students complete it!

This is the joy of being a gardener of the motherland.

Professor Pan had a heart attack. He never expected that Professor Zhu would take advantage of the two- to three-year agreement intended to test Sheng Ming'an! "Old and cunning."

Professor Zhu waved his hand: "It's easy to talk about it. You give the little classmate a chance. If you really come up with a decent quantum solution, take him to the Solvay conference to open his eyes."

Professor Pan thought for a while, left and right would not affect the itinerary, so he nodded: "Success..."

While talking, the door opened and slipped in to meet Professor Tang of nuclear engineering and nuclear technology.

Professor Tang came in with a thermos soaked in goji berries and said, "What about the students? Hey! I recently observed a very talented student, his name is Chen Jingqiu. Classmate Chen is smart..."

Barbara...

Pan and Zhu looked at each other, sneered and said, "We also have a new student named Sheng Ming'an..."

Therefore, even the big cows in the field of scientific research cannot do without the common fault of educators who show off their students.

"Superconductivity experiment..."

The so-called superconductivity means that the conductor will make the resistance become zero at a certain temperature, there is no resistance, and the current has no heat loss, thus forming a strong current and generating a super strong magnetic field.

After Sheng Mingan understood the basic principles of superconducting experiments, he began to think about how to use superconducting experiments to prove the energy level separation and random transitions of quantum transitions in quantum mechanics.

He needs to design an experimental protocol first.

But where to start?

To verify the Schrödinger equation is actually to verify quantum mechanics, and to understand a little deeper, the essence of the Schrödinger equation is to solve the wave function.The value of the wave function of a mechanical quantity is a matter of probability, which returns to the essence of quantum mechanics, that is, randomness.

Randomness and uncertainty represent the inability to control its laws, or the nature of the microcosm has no laws.

This is a question that requires proof.

The purpose of proving quantum mechanics is only one: to overthrow it.

If it cannot be overthrown, quantum mechanics will always exist and can never be proved.

This is a paradox. If it is verified, it will be overthrown. If it is not verified, it will exist forever and the accuracy of its theory cannot be determined.

Quantum mechanics, a physics subject that can drive people crazy.

"call……"

Sheng Ming'an let out a long breath, scratched his hair, tore off the draft paper and rolled it into paper balls and threw it into the wastebasket, vetoing it and restarting his thinking.

At this time, the roommates came back one after another, and when they saw Sheng Mingan, they said, "You didn't take the high math today, Lao Zhao called the roll, and I helped you get there."

Sheng Mingan didn't turn his head back: "Well...thank you, friend, you can eat at the snack street in front of the school at night."

"Oh. I deserve it..." Ma Guangda sighed.

Sheng Mingan turned around in a little confusion: "What?"

Ma Guangda: "I answered for you."

Sharon: "I agree too..."

Cui Chuanhe: "Me too...but don't worry, I choked my throat."

The three of them said in unison: "We have all answered for you!"

Sheng Mingan: "..."

Cui Chuanhe's expression was sad and mournful: "Lao Zhao was called and criticized in the group. Either the mid-term score should be [-], or all points will be deducted for skipping class today. You know Lao Zhao, how much he searched for the time, the deduction will How generous. This buckle will be the day when I will rebuild with my school girls next year."

After a pause of two seconds, Cui Chuanhe's expression lit up.

"Damn it! Rework with the school girl!"

Ma Guangda frowned: "You expect a class with more than eight girls to be the chosen class to assign junior girls to accompany you to re-study?"

Cui Chuanhe's expression immediately collapsed.

Ma Guangda: "Old Sheng, I wish you well."

The other two sent their sincere wishes.

Sheng Ming'an didn't care: "Thank you. But I've finished all my high mathematics this semester, so don't worry about the midterm exam."

Cui Chuan and the three of them immediately got an arrow in their hearts.

Sha Lang came out, put a dumpling in his hand and put it next to Sheng Mingan's desk, and said, "I met brother Chen on the road, he knew you didn't go to class, and he would definitely forget to eat, so he packed it up and asked us to bring it back to you. "

Sheng Ming'an was taken aback, but he didn't expect Chen Jingqiu to just feed him every time they met, but now when they meet Sharon, they don't forget to let them bring food.

He said thanks.

Open the package, and the dumplings and soup base are separated.The dumplings are stuffed with carrot and cabbage meat, which are very fresh, while the soup is made from high broth. There is a layer of dried shrimp floating on the soup surface, which tastes very sweet.

I don't know which restaurant Chen Jingqiu found the food from, and it's not cheap.

Sheng Ming'an thought for a while, took out his mobile phone and sent a message of "Thank you" to Chen Jingqiu, and then transferred two hundred as a meal supplement.

Chen Jingqiu quickly replied: [No need.I won't accept the money, next time you treat me back. 】

Sheng Ming'an: [OK. 】

After chatting, he continued to eat dumplings and soup, took out the garbage and threw it away, and then came back to continue his research, and asked Ma Guangda and the others to help answer the questions in the afternoon class.

Ma Guangda went to bed for an afternoon nap, and asked sleepily, "It's a professional class in the afternoon, and you don't want to go?"

Sheng Mingan hesitated for a moment, then replied softly: "I have something to do..."

"Okay..." Ma Guangda didn't say much, and fell asleep after agreeing.

The dormitory was bustling for a while and then quickly returned to quiet. Sharon chatted with people from the student union. He was dating a senior girl recently and chased them very frequently.

Cui Chuanhe originally wanted to play games, but he looked at Ma Guangda who was sleeping and Sha Lang who was chatting with others, and then at the straight and thin back of Sheng Mingan who was writing and calculating, pursed his lips, and jumped down to open the book to preview the professional class in the afternoon .

He was a top student in his hometown. After going to university, he had been ambitious for half a month, but finally he still felt uneasy.

Under Sheng Ming'an's influence, Cui Chuanhe gradually resumed his high school efforts.

At two o'clock in the afternoon, Cui Chuan went to class with them.Sheng Ming'an entered deeper thinking, time passed bit by bit, the paper balls in the wastebasket filled and overflowed visible to the naked eye, and spread all over the floor.

Late at night, Cui Chuan and the three came back to sleep.

Sheng Mingan stayed up until one o'clock before going to bed. The next day he had a professional class, his mind was full of videos played by black technology programs.

Suddenly someone next to him slapped his arm, he came back to his senses, and the girl next to him apologized softly.

Sheng Mingan shook his head and said it was nothing, he didn't talk to him, but he was about to continue when the professor on the podium raised his mouth: "Rabbi vibration..."

Rabi oscillation? !

Sheng Mingan raised his eyes, and a light suddenly flashed in the dark world in his mind. The light split the chaos that had plagued him for many days, and connected his intermittent inspirations together at this moment.

As if a rusty, immobile smart machine was rumbling, large and small delicate gears and sawtooths matched and pushed one after another, activating the entire brain thinking mechanism.

He hurriedly dug out the draft book and wrote four Rabi oscillations, and then quickly designed a plan based on the principle of Rabi oscillations combined with superconducting experiments.

Rabi oscillation is when a beam of laser pulse is driven into the material, which causes the periodic energy level transition of the material microscopic particles.

Because the atom is reversible, the atom oscillates back and forth between the upper and lower energy levels, which is the Rabi oscillation effect.

The probability of a particle at energy level 1 or 2 can be obtained from the Rabi oscillation effect, and the probability of energy level 1 conforms to p1=cos【wt】.

The Rabi oscillation is actually to verify the energy level separation and random transition of the quantum transition, and it is explained with the most familiar example: Schrödinger's cat.

The probability of a particle at energy level 1 in the Rabi oscillation is inserted into the formula p1=cos[wt], and a cosine function diagram appears, and the particle is absolutely at energy level 1 at a certain moment, and absolutely at energy level 2 at a certain moment.

But there is also a moment when it might be at energy level 1 or 2, with a [-]/[-] probability.

It is the same as Schrödinger's cat whether it is alive or dead, but it further elaborates on quantum mechanics, that is, the cat must live at a certain moment, and the cat must die at a certain moment, or the probability of a certain moment is 50% that it may live or die.

At this time, the concept of probability is determined forward.

As long as you find the probability, go forward, forward, and further, and keep reducing the probability, maybe you can find a hidden variable!

That is, some physical mechanism that has not been discovered determines the law of quantum transitions.

Of course, once this hidden variable is found, quantum mechanics, one of the pillars of modern physics, can be completely overthrown.

Use the principle of Rabi oscillation to do a superconducting experiment, and look for this probability——

But according to the video given by the black technology program, it doesn't look like it is for overthrowing quantum mechanics?

After being puzzled for a while, Sheng Ming'an chose to put aside his assumptions about the conclusion and fully devote himself to the design of the experimental plan.

It was not until the end of the course one day that he took this design to Professor Zhu to apply for the use of the superconducting laboratory.

Professor Zhu was surprised: "Have ideas so quickly?"

Sheng Mingan nodded.

Professor Zhu pointed at the table: "Put it down. I'll look back..."

Sheng Mingan: "Okay. Please..."

After speaking, he put down the design plan and left.

After finishing his work, Professor Zhu picked up Sheng Mingan's plan to look at it, his expression became more serious as he looked at it, and finally shook his head and laughed: "How did this brain grow? This, this plan... I don't know whether it should be simple or not. Sophisticated."

The design scheme is simple, but it is really simple. It is completely based on the Rabi oscillation effect [to put it bluntly, it is still based on quantum theory] repeated experiments to measure the value, and finally calculate the probability.

Replace it with a solution that high school students with a little understanding of quantum mechanics can understand.

To say that it is ingenious and ingenious is that Sheng Ming'an could think of using this plan to try to predict the quantum transition.

Although he didn't know if this plan would work, he also wanted to see the result.

So Professor Zhu made a phone call: "Hello? Tell me something, help me apply for a laboratory, preferably a laboratory with three energy levels of superconducting artificial atoms."

"Yes. Do an experiment... have free time the day after tomorrow? OK, I see. Please, okay, hang up."

At the end of the call, Professor Zhu wanted to inform Sheng Mingan but found that the two did not leave a contact number, so let it go, anyway, Sheng Mingan will come to him on his own initiative.

The next day, Sheng Mingan really came to see Professor Zhu. He was very happy to learn that the laboratory application had been approved, and thanked him repeatedly.

Professor Zhu: "Don't waste time with me, hurry up and do serious business. The teacher of your professional class complained to me and scolded me for stealing the students from their optics department shamelessly."

Sheng Mingan smiled embarrassedly.

"Wait..." Professor Zhu suddenly stopped him.

Sheng Mingan: "?"

Professor Zhu opened a computer webpage and said calmly, "The elective system is open. I have taken an elective course on quantum mechanics this semester. You are here, so let's take it."

Sheng Ming'an: "..." Why did he feel that Professor Zhu seemed to be afraid that he would run away.

Sheng Ming'an, who originally planned to take quantum mechanics, obediently filled out the elective courses in the past, and watched as Professor Zhu went backstage and approved the elective application for him.

"It's none of your business..." Professor Zhu drove them away.

Sheng Mingan: All right.

Under the guidance of Professor Zhu, Sheng Ming'an was able to enter the laboratory to conduct his superconductivity experiment. The person who assisted him in the experiment was a senior from the Institute of Chemical Materials.

His surname is Wu, he is a Ph.D. from the Institute of Chemical Materials, and he is accompanied by a super boss [mentor], and has done several projects that won national awards.

When Senior Brother Wu saw someone, he raised his eyelids and looked Sheng Mingan up and down: "The little genius of Wuyuan."

Sheng Ming'an corrected: "I'm an adult..." Not small.

"That's too young, I've been running for three years during the Chinese New Year." Brother Wu said with a smile: "You have won two top journals as soon as you became an adult, as well as the National Award and the Tan Kah Kee Natural Science Award. Hey! The brothers and sisters in the academy are all betting whether they can see you win the Nobel Prize one day."

Sheng Mingan was surprised: "Is this a big game?!"

Senior Brother Wu blinked, raised his arm and made a fist as a cheering gesture: "Our younger generation is very optimistic about you, Junior Brother Sheng!"

Sheng Mingan's eyes widened, and he later realized that Senior Brother Wu wasn't joking with him, his eyes were full of seriousness, they really supported him!

This realization made Sheng Mingan feel shy, his face was expressionless, but his ears gradually warmed up.

Sheng Mingan pinched the brim of his hat and pulled it down, holding back until he entered the laboratory to get rid of his shyness.

Brother Wu: "Professor Zhu said that you want an artificial atom with three energy levels, which happens to be available here. Can you come and see?"

Laboratory equipment is expensive and heavy, neatly placed in every corner of the room, and the room is spotless.

Sheng Mingan put on the white coat in the laboratory and followed Senior Brother Wu in, looked at the artificial atom with three energy levels created in the laboratory and nodded in agreement.

Sheng Mingan was quite surprised: "I didn't expect that the laboratory of the Institute of Chemical Materials also has artificial atoms?!"

"This is a superconducting laboratory. Superconducting is an important branch of quantum mechanics, and the subject deeply influenced by quantum mechanics is chemistry!" Brother Wu said in popular science: "If mathematics and physics are likened to complement each other, chemistry is The daughter of physics, inheriting the father's career. Tell me about your experimental ideas, what do you want to do?"

Sheng Mingan quickly said: "Build an optical chamber..." He roughly described: "Put the superconducting circuit in the optical cavity, let the artificial atoms bounce around in the chamber, and put detectors inside to observe. .”

Brother Wu: "It's very simple!"

"Well. It's very simple..."

The scheme itself is very simple, which is to observe an artificial atom with three energy levels on the basis of Rabi oscillation.

First of all, the artificial atom [that is, quantum] has three energy levels, the ground state n1 and the first and second excited states n2 and n3.

A quantum transition occurs from n1 to n2, or n1 to n3.

The premise of the experiment is that if one of the transitions occurs, the other transition must not occur, and if it is not n1n2, then n1n3, there is only one possibility.

Since the observation will interfere with the quantum, only observe the frequency of one of the transitions, and calculate the frequency of the other unobserved, so that the quantum motion state can be calculated without observing the quantum motion.

But this experiment requires a very large amount of data, that is, the number of experiments.

The larger the data, the more accurate the final results.

If necessary, even the data of tens of thousands of experiments need to be repeated.

Sheng Mingan spent nearly a month in the superconducting laboratory repeating the experiment, absent from many courses, and the professor of the optics department knew that he was annoyed when he went to quantum mechanics, but he just sighed.

No matter what, he is a student of the Faculty of Science and Technology of the University of Science and Technology. If he broadens his horizons, he is a genius who may become a well-known physicist in the future. The professors can only turn a blind eye and ignore his perfect attendance.

But there is a condition, Sheng Mingan must pass [-] in each subject in the mid-term and end-of-term.

Sheng Mingan agreed, and he freely entered and exited the laboratory.

Chen Jingqiu came over to accompany him occasionally, and it was only after several exchanges that Sheng Mingan realized that Chen Jingqiu's speed of mastering knowledge was as fast as a rocket. He is currently taking credits for his sophomore year and is preparing to participate in research and publish papers!

Simply awesome!

Even Sheng Ming'an, who was quite proud, had to admire Chen Jingqiu's IQ.

Time passed quickly, and soon it was the end of the experiment.

It has to end, after all, the superconducting laboratory has been open to him for more than 20 days, and others are also doing experiments.

It took Sheng Mingan several days to calculate all the data, but he fell into a messy problem again!

Although the time is reduced to an ultra-small frequency of 100 microseconds, it is still impossible to find out the exact hidden variable!

Quantum mechanics has not been overthrown, nor can it be proved, it is equivalent to going back to the origin!

More than 20 days of busy work!Turn day and night upside down!Sleepless, overtime, and finally back to the origin!

As a result, anyone has to see a psychiatrist to recover.

But Sheng Mingan accepted it well.

This is the case with scientific research and academics. There are still people who have been doing it for decades and are published first by others. It is much worse than this situation.

It's only been twenty days.

Moreover, the experiment was not in vain.

Furthermore, the video given by the black technology program is not for him to overthrow quantum mechanics, but for him to try to save Schrödinger's cat.

Sheng Mingan played with the pen, looked at the data over and over again, with a thoughtful expression.

Save Schrödinger's cat...

save?

and many more.

Although this experiment has no hidden variables, it has found an early warning signal of an ultra-small frequency of 100 microseconds!

So just interfering with the 100 microsecond early warning signal can save Schrödinger's cat in advance?

When Schrödinger's cat was observed, there was a very short change process from birth to death, and now he has found the time of this change. As long as he intervenes with the cat during this time to prevent its death, it will save the cat. !

In the same way, in the process of the quantum leap, you can try to impose an artificial intervention to stop the leap, and carry out—

Quantum error correction!

Sheng Mingan's pupils constricted suddenly, he knew what the gift of the black technology program was!

——Quantum error correction!

But how should human intervention be applied to complete quantum error correction?

Ah, here's another new question.

When new problems urgently needed to be solved, Sheng Mingan received Professor Pan to take him to the 26th Solvay Physics Conference to watch the melee of the gods.

So he took a new question and boarded the plane to Stanford, hoping to steal a little bit of inspiration from the profound knowledge and fierce debates of the big guys, so as to solve this problem that has plagued him for a long time.