New Shun 1730

Which is the casket and which is the pearl? This is a matter that requires specific analysis of specific circumstances.

The so-called pearls of the equal-field faction, or what they call class, are actually more similar to the original concept of class, that is, Saint-Simon's initial understanding of class in history.

The Dashun side itself is the protagonist of the three crooked classics, and the current economic foundation of Dashun is still a little far from the economic foundation of the non-cooked classics. Therefore, the "class" they are talking about is basically the category of "industrialists, bankers, craftsmen, geniuses, and handicraftsmen" mentioned in Saint-Simonism in history, which is a very general thing.

Although the equal-field faction is still immature, it has already had some depth in terms of thought.

Although this depth is derived from the variant of "Malthusian economics" mentioned by Liu Yu, or the reverse practice of Luxemburg's capital accumulation theory, it is a bit far from Liu Yu's original intention, and even a bit biased towards Kautsky's industrial capitalist imperialist theory.

But at this time, at this point in time in the Western calendar in 1793, their ideas are still desirable.

What does the equal distribution of land issue mean?

What they mean is that, indeed, Dashun has a strong handicraft base compared to other places in the world.

However, this handicraft, or industry, especially before Liu Yu's reform, was not very healthy.

The strong foundation of this handicraft was developed on the basis of "land rent, taxation, and agricultural surplus under exploitation".

It is deformed.

Typical examples include the capital of Dashun and Paris in France.

The consumption capacity of the capital depends on taxation, salary, salary, rent from aristocratic landlords, etc.

These industries and commerce serve the "effective demanders" in the Three Curious Classics theory - including Paris in France, where the industry started with luxury goods manufacturing.

However, because Dashun was large enough and had a strong foundation, after Liu Yu's reform, after expanding outward to seize the market, relying on this unhealthy handicraft foundation before, it quickly transformed successfully into a first-mover region in the external expansion.

But for the inland, the objects of handicrafts and commerce in many counties and prefectures are [agricultural surplus owners].

However, the upper limit of this economic model is insufficient and greatly restricts the process of industrialization.

Therefore, the meaning of the equal-field faction is that if industry and commerce are to develop, they must be broken and then established.

The object is changed from [agricultural surplus owners] to [agricultural producers].

The cities that relied on this before must be painful in the process of transformation, but if the transformation is not completed, the upper limit will be stuck, and everyone will be finished in the end.

Also, because the situation of Dashun is special, that is, the special situation of insufficient per capita land, even if the equal-field is implemented, the [agricultural producers] themselves do not have too strong consumption capacity.

So what should be done?

Either, in some way, let agricultural producers, in some way, have to buy industrial products, even including large machinery, etc. If small farmers do not have demand, then find a way to make them have demand, so as to lay the foundation for industry.

Or, take advantage of the current reality, that is, the reality that Dashun has vast arable land overseas, and let agricultural producers cultivate and relocate, so that they can have the surplus after eating and drinking to buy industrial products.

Finally, transform the previously deformed and unhealthy handicrafts, or industrial and commercial cities, into healthy, undeformed industrial and commercial cities that target agricultural producers rather than agricultural surplus owners.

This kind of thinking and consideration did not come out of thin air, nor was it something that Huang Shigong suddenly realized after throwing a heavenly book.

It is a kind of thinking and consciousness generated by the social existence of Dashun.

Lao Ma said: [The first prerequisite of large-scale industry is to include all rural areas in the production of exchange value rather than use value].

This sentence will show different situations in different countries.

This is the Tao, and the different situations and specific responses of different countries are the art.

In Britain, it is reflected in the enclosure movement.

The enclosure movement changed the rural production in Britain from use value to production with the purpose of exchange value.

But in Dashun, the technique derived from the principle that [the first premise of large-scale industry is to include all rural areas in the production of exchange value rather than use value], if copied from Britain, would be purely a case of trying to find a sword by imitating a boat, or imitating a shrewd woman, knowing the result but not the reason.

How to solve the situation in which Dashun's rural production is based on use value rather than exchange value?

In fact, it is very "simple" now.

Either, slaughter 200 million people. If they can't finish eating, they will naturally exchange. If they don't have enough to eat, how can they produce for the purpose of exchange value?

Or, follow the British story and put 200 million people in "debtor prison", "poorhouse", "debtor slave", etc. But the problem is that if you have the ability to put 200 million people in debt prison and force them into debt slavery, what are you doing on earth with such ability? Just build a paradise on earth.

Or, explode black technology and produce 1,000 kilograms of grain per mu. If they can't finish eating, they will naturally produce for the purpose of exchange value.

Or, relocate people. Under the reality that the per-acre yield cannot be improved for at least several decades - as mentioned before, the per-acre yield of Dashun is not much different from that of France in 1910. If we can continue to improve it, if we can build water conservancy and have such super organizational power, then why not immigrate? If we don’t have such super organizational power, then we have to reach the industrialization level of the synthetic ammonia plant in Germany, which was fully rolled out in Dashun in 1913, which is obviously unrealistic - therefore, it is concluded that relocating people to the east to cultivate land is the most realistic and relatively easy to achieve at this time.

Of course, this is relatively speaking. Although it is also difficult, it is still easier than asking Dashun to reach the per capita productivity level of Germany at the outbreak of World War I in a short period of time.

If there are no colonies and no land in Fuso and the South Ocean, if we want to develop large-scale industry, according to the idea that [the first premise of large-scale industry is to include all rural areas in the production of exchange value rather than use value], then we can only force rural areas to provide a large number of products with exchange value in some way.

That’s the reason.

Specific situation, specific analysis. The situation in different countries is different, so it is impossible to have one trick to conquer the world.

For example, someone said that a certain plant can only survive at a temperature above 25 degrees. There are a lot of big pots in the north, and you also have a lot of greenhouses in the tropical Southeast Asia. That is simply a brain problem.

Of course, this does not mean that practical learning or science is useless, or that it is just a box, not a pearl.

It means that even if you play games in the future, you still have to have a certain level of proficiency when learning a skill, and you still have to chop wood stakes to brush up your proficiency. Dashun now has no problem making a generator by hand, and it also knows in basic theory that nitrogen in the air can theoretically synthesize fertilizer infinitely, but it is still early for application and industrial production.

So during this period, are the hundreds of millions of people in Dashun, especially the hundreds of millions of rural population, human beings? Can they live a life with hundreds of acres of land and a herd of cattle, and their wives do not weave but sell corn to buy cloth?

If Dashun did not win the war, or Liu Yu did not find a way to draw a line in the Appalachian Mountains, it would definitely be impossible. Land cannot be created. As I have said before, according to the standards of the Homestead Law, Dashun needs 52 million square kilometers of arable land, and there may not be so much land on the whole earth.

The problem is that Dashun won the First World War, Liu Yu also buried the contradictions between fur traders and European settlers in North America, and used ginseng trade to make French fur and ginseng traders "dragon and tiger generals" to resist the westward advance of Protestant farmers on the front line.

The Great Eastward Movement, even if the "industrialism" thinking of the Xianxue school is removed, even if it is just the traditional Dashun peasant farming and the land is owned by the farmer's thinking, is generally recognized.

And the development of industry and commerce, or industrialism thinking, is itself the background of the Dashun School of Realism.

Including the two factions of radical young people in the "Tongru Society" that are now arguing with Yu Jinlai Yuxuan, the disagreement is not about the future of industry and industry and commerce.

The only difference is whether to be so radical and use extremely violent means such as equal distribution of land.

Can we be gentler, continue to increase the size of the Zikou Bank, let the prefectures be the center, continue the original handicraft foundation, and form a situation of flourishing everywhere in Dashun?

The debate between the two sides is essentially about whether to "break and then build" or "continue the sprouts".

The equal-field faction believes that the industry and commerce in the inner cities are based on the surplus possession of agriculture, and the grain with exchange value forcibly distorted by rent and other means, so the upper limit is extremely low, which is definitely not acceptable. No matter how cute it is, there is no future.

The negative equal-field faction believes that after the equal-field, farmers will choose to fill their stomachs first, so won't there be less grain with exchange value? This will not only not lead to the development of industry and commerce, but will promote the industry and commerce in the inland, because the industry and commerce in the inland are now developed on the basis of the surplus possession of agriculture such as rent.

The composition within the equal-field faction is actually quite complicated.

It can even be said that there are both extreme progressives and radicals; there are also reactionaries and retro factions in the political spectrum of Dashun.

The composition within the anti-equal-field faction is even more complicated.

This is related to the situation of Dashun itself.

There is the traditional "don't hurt the rich" thought, such as Su Ziyou's criticism of Wang Anshi, "Wang Jiefu is a petty man. He can't bear to see the poor, but he is deeply disgusted with the rich. He benefits the poor, but he doesn't know that it is not right."

There is also the more traditional thought, such as Han Feizi's "Today's scholars talk about governance, and many say: "Give the poor land to make it rich." Now, if a man treats others well, he will not have the benefit of a good year and will only provide for his needs. If he treats others well, he will not suffer from famine, disease, or disaster, and will only treat the poor. If he treats others well, he will not suffer from famine, disease, or disaster, and will only treat the poor. If he is extravagant and corrupt, he will be poor, while if he is hardworking and frugal, he will be rich. Today, the emperor collects taxes from the rich to give to the poor, which is to deprive the people of their thrift and lead to extravagance. It is impossible to ask the people to work hard and save money. This is a set of "You are poor because you are lazy, how can others be rich and you are poor, and helping the poor will make people lazy" thinking without analyzing the situation, system, per capita arable land and other issues at that time.

There is also the reactionary thinking of Confucianism that each region, province, and state develop on its own, relying on provincial tariffs and the provinces recommending wise men to govern themselves under the re-feudal thought - this reaction is in the economic sense. Our ancestors finally achieved great unification and the prototype of a unified domestic market, but they actually wanted to separate them. Even from the perspective of the capitalist world market, this is extremely reactionary.

And it is the idea of ​​rural construction and rural virtuousness that has been inherited from the Taizhou School in the late Ming Dynasty to the Confucianism of Yan and Li.

A set of things that involves establishing township covenants, establishing gentlemanly governance, developing schools, and using schools as the political center of the countryside to build the countryside. Of course, the Taizhou School had an obvious religious tendency in the later period. At this time, Dashun's support for the establishment of rural schools and rural covenants did not have a religious tendency.

As for the reform of the imperial examination itself, the two factions have no differences. Because although they are called "Tongru Society", in fact, this is purely a provocative name, and the name is the irony of "the miscellaneous studies are not for the sake of Confucianism", which means that dog meat is feasted and game is sacrificed.

Including saying that both groups agree with the reform of the imperial examination system and the overall "examination system to select talents."

However, the anger of the Tianjun faction at this time stemmed from the fact that the Tianjun faction believed that the last chance for Dashun reform was lost.

That is to say, the possibility of completing land equalization through reforms, improvements, etc., or completing relocation through forced savings of agricultural surpluses, forced industrial bonds and immigration bonds, etc., is gone.

They are not opposed to the reform of the imperial examination, but they are opposed to doing it at this time.

It's like giving a bowl of water to a person who is very hungry instead of a steamed bun. It’s not that you don’t need to drink water, or that you don’t need to drink water, but that the time is not right.

In the final analysis, the reason for this anger and dissatisfaction is very simple - these people regard people in the Midwest as just human beings.

Otherwise, there is actually no anger or dissatisfaction.

There is no need to save the nation.

There is no need to follow the Premier League method.

Moreover, the natural conditions of the Yangtze River Estuary area are there.

Lao Ma said: [In the center of bulk sea and land trade...manufacturing industry has found a base in foreign markets, so it can be said that production naturally aims at exchange value]

With the Great Shun expedition to Southeast Asia, the conquest of Japan, and the First World War, this kind of production purely aimed at "exchange value" could spontaneously evolve into large industry.

It can be said that the handicraft industry before Dashun was indeed developed based on agricultural surplus such as land rent. This is the foundation, the foundation.

And this foundation itself can be considered as a kind of production aiming at exchange value. Although it is a bit deformed, productivity itself has been developed as a civilization achievement. The subsequent external expansion expanded the market by defeating Western European commercial capital. If it continues to develop, it will definitely be no problem for the Songsu region to become the world's industrial center and financial center.

The problem is that "moderately prosperous" and "great harmony", under the influence of this kind of culture, have a negative impact on the kind of "the world is for the common good, selecting the talented and capable, trustworthy and harmonious, the old friends do not only kiss their relatives, do not only have their own children, so that the old people have In the end, the pursuit of the strong will be useful, the young will be successful, and the widowed, widowed, lonely, disabled, and sick will all be supported. Even if the "Great Harmony" here does not include other people, then the more than 200 million people in the central and western regions will always have to Is it included?

This kind of traditional thinking and culture must be subtle and influential.

Historically, even when the Eight-Power Allied Forces entered the capital, many international students were still thinking about "Datong."

So much so that some people wrote articles criticizing it.

The so-called "new student" is good at talking about the Great Harmony and imitates the nationality-less thinking of our people to the extreme. It doesn’t matter if it’s far away, if you try to read the latest comments, they all point to the unity of the world, and there is no difference between East Asia and Western Europe]

[This kind of stinking talk, this kind of cheap slave, kill them if you want to get them]

Of course, this is purely the petty bourgeois idea of ​​world citizenship based on "abstract eternal justice."

But it also shows that the traditional thinking of those ancestors will linger over the heads of future generations like ghosts. During the period of change, as Lao Ma said, after learning some foreign languages ​​in a daze, I first thought about translating them in my own language. This kind of translation It is difficult to stop subconsciously.

As for these radicals who are equalizing land in Dashun, most of them are still "utopian societies" or even "subjective societies". They are confused and have some vague consciousness in their minds, but their "subjective" consciousness is far from scientific The analysis is still far from satisfactory, and even the actual line of many "subjective" activists may be extremely reactionary.

This is all normal.

At this time, they just felt that since those people in the world who are not from the Yangtze River estuary, not from the coast, and not from the early immigrants of Fusang are also considered people and common people, then there must be a specific route to make the lives of those people smooth. Get better.

I think so subjectively.

As for how to do it specifically, they can be considered as having their own simple program, which is the so-called Da Shun Zhi Xue at this time.

However, they are too young after all.

Be reasonable, they understand.

Talk about science, and they also understand science.

But, they don't understand the emperor.

Now that the debate has come to the issue of "buying a casket to hold a pearl", what is a casket, and what is a pearl, the senior who presided over this academic society discussion finally spoke up.

Speaking of seniors, before Liu Yu ran away, he was a young man in his early twenties and worked with Liu Yu on the Yellow River in Shandong for several years.

At that time, he was also very popular with Liu Yu, but he did not continue his official career later. Instead, he established the Tong Confucian Society here. Some "false books under false pretense" often come from this.

So many years have passed, and the young man who was once is now at the age when he knows his destiny. Judging from his age alone, he is worthy of his reputation as a senior.

Faced with the quarrel between the two factions over equalizing or unequal land, the senior host was undecided.

But when it came to buying a casket for a pearl and the Juntian Party not understanding the reform of the imperial examination, this senior still spoke up.

"In the past, Emperor Taizong of the Tang Dynasty had a private opportunity to visit the door. When he saw the new scholars coming out, he said with joy: The heroes of the world have entered my palace!"

"The world, the world, only when the heroes of the world join me will there be a world."

"If we only rely on you to achieve great things, do you want to be a Guanlong Group? Or do you want to be a nobleman of Huaixi? Who can control it?"

“Only by selecting the best talents in the world through the imperial examination can we have checks and balances.”

"The Practical School is only a tool that the court can use, not that the court is just a tool for the Practical School to realize its ideals."

"The two are different. Naturally, they are like pearls in your eyes, but they are like thorns in others' eyes."

"You just talked about class, and also talked about the difference between the old and new parties in the Song Dynasty and the old and new parties today."

"If the classes are the same, then the New Party and the Old Party in the Song Dynasty are just a battle of ideas and party struggles."

"If there are differences in class, then today's new and old learning...as you said, are cloaked in the skin of new and old learning, but in fact they are different classes in flesh and blood."

"In this case, if we really use you to change the world, and you know each other and are classmates from the same hometown, then who will check and balance you?"

"So, you think that they are just wearing the guise of new and old learning, but in fact they are of different classes, which is a good thing."

"But I'm afraid that in the eyes of the officials, this is not a good thing. It's not like you have me in you, and you have me in you."

"The new learning spreads to the world, but the reformed imperial examinations still use examinations to select, and use the heroes of the world to control the emerging groups that are getting out of control."

"Otherwise, if it is really done, it will be all yours, from top to bottom. You have ideas and ideas. If the emperor follows your ideas, then you will be a minister; if the emperor does not follow your ideas, wouldn't you have to make something These big things need to be done?”

"The new learning is spreading throughout the world, while the reform of the imperial examination is still based on examination selection. This is very different."

"First, tear off the skin of old and new knowledge, mix it into one, select talents through examination, and be kind to the best."

"Secondly, if the prime minister leaves Zhusichuan and Shaanxi, there will be no connection with the maritime colonial group behind him. Unlike today, if you want to use newly learned talents, there must be various emerging groups behind you."

"Thirdly, in the past, the imperial court used honors and imperial examinations to balance each other. Nowadays, the honorary plutocratic officer corps and practical learning are so close that the balance has been broken. Therefore, it is necessary to replace the old scriptures with practical learning and turn practical learning into the old imperial examination school to check and balance the honors and nobles. chaebol."

After saying these three simple and superficial things, the senior couldn't help but shake his head and said with a smile: "The three words that Duke Xingguo used to say most often in the past are: carving a boat to seek a sword, imitating others' efforts, and waiting for the rabbit."

"If I say something today, your thoughts will definitely be to wait and see."

"Back then, Fan Li said: When the high bird dies, the good bow will be hidden; when the cunning rabbit dies, the lackey will be cooked."

"Since ancient times, ministers have been hidden from the king and cooked by the king."

"So, most of you just sit back and wait, thinking that the minister must be hidden from the king and cooked by the king, and it cannot be the other way around."

"However, if you think carefully about the changes in the past and what is happening today, who is the good follower?"

"Is it possible that the emperor is now the good bowman and lackey of the emerging class?"

"Then the people who supported them in the past did so to protect them who were still vulnerable, to withstand the counterattack of the old forces, and to consolidate forces to suppress the small peasant uprising that might be caused by radical policies."

"This time, that time."

"At that time, the emerging class did not have the power to fight against the old forces, so an emperor named Li was needed in order to maintain many of the policies after the reform."

"At that time, the emerging class did not have the righteousness to show their knowledge and did not know how to face the resistance of small farmers who were eating up the domestic market. Therefore, it was necessary for the emperor to stabilize the internal situation first to avoid overthrowing the king."

"At that time, the old forces still had the power to counterattack, but the emerging strata had not yet completed their digestion of Southeast Asia, India, Fuso, and East Africa."

"This moment is different from that time. In ancient times, thirty years could be like a day, with the flick of a finger; now, thirty years have undergone as drastic changes as the past hundreds of years."

"During this period, the strength has been waxing and waning, and the wings have gradually grown. The power of Su Feng has been established, and it cannot be moved lightly."

"If you don't sit back and wait for the rabbit, you will know that the emperor will also be worried about the good bowman and the lackey."

"Today's reform of the imperial examination is a way of taking off the shackles on the body and pulling out the sword hanging above the head to save oneself."

"If it can be changed, it will separate practical science from the emerging class. Xingguo Gongyan said that at that time, he was just a person who was close to the water, the first to get the moon, and the middle man, and he was the first to enter practical science and economics."

"If it can be changed, all the heroes in the world will be selected based on new subjects. The favor will come from the top, and the emerging classes will be separated from practical studies, and the bureaucrats will be promoted to check and balance the emerging classes with practical subjects. This is one of them."

"Secondly, since the imperial examination has been reformed, the former scholars and scholars have no way to make a living and have no hope of going to school. Why not join the army? What will happen if the emperor builds a new army and uses the scholars who have read the books of sages and loyal emperors as officers?"

"In the past, the old subjects were strong, so the new subjects were used as officers; today, the new subjects are strong, so the old subjects were used as officers. Check and balance each other to survive the ten-year transition period of the imperial examination reform."

"Ten years later, the dispute between the old and new learning has disappeared, the binding of the new learning to the emerging class has been broken, and the bloodshed of industrial capital has become more apparent. The emperor may have greater righteousness."

"At that time, the traditional methods of cursing heresy will be used to curse the demands of the emerging class, and loudly preach to the masses that in this bourgeois movement, the masses will not only gain nothing, but will lose everything - this, only It is necessary to slightly open up the gates of a certain province, and deliberately ignore it. Three years will be enough to take effect, and the local people will be itchy and fearful, and they can only ask the emperor to suppress the emerging class. "

"Then we will talk about the goodness of human nature, benevolence, morality, gentlemen, and love of the ancients, and build the future Great Harmony on the delirium of benevolence and the benevolence of the monarch."

"The emperor is the sun, one king for all the people, restricting property and restoring the ancient revolution. With this as a slogan, we can deceive the people who are impacted and live, and it may last for thousands of years."

"Today's migration is the benefit of the emerging class, and its momentum is even more uncontrollable."

"In the future, the migration of people will be the virtue of His Majesty the Emperor. The people will be grateful, and the government will have millions of soldiers. They must rely on the emperor and fear annexation; they will fear capital and seek restrictions."

"You said, do you think this is buying the casket and returning the pearl? In fact, it is not. I am afraid that, In the eyes of the emperor, the situation left by the Duke of Xingguo, the combination of practical learning and the emerging class, is not a jewel, but a poison. "

"Today's coffin is just a way to scare people. The world thinks that the land should be distributed equally, but it doesn't want to change from equal distribution to reform the imperial examination. It's like originally demolishing a house and now just opening a window. How dare the opponents speak when looking at the coffin of the Duke of Xingguo? I'm afraid that under the opposition, the emperor will be angry and actually implement the proposal of the Duke of Xingguo to distribute the land. It's better to accept the reform of the imperial examination honestly. The previous fanfare was done in full swing. In the past one or two years, many people thought that it was necessary to distribute the land equally, and there were countless people who were worried. "