Live broadcast: Ancient people accompany me to make up lessons

Shusuntong looked at the notes he had carved on bamboo slips all over the table. The Confucian knowledge he had been learning and the history the anchor showed them collided repeatedly in his mind, making him very confused.

Before the French Revolution, the people who experienced famine and oppression were indeed pitiful, but why did they choose to become a country without a king after a collective rebellion?

He made up his mind and asked: "Anchor, what historical trend caused a country to abandon its king?"

"There is a saying that human society is divided into five stages, namely primitive society, slave society, feudal society, capitalist society and socialist society.

With the development of productive forces, society changes and social systems also change. "

Picking up a blank piece of paper to write, draw and pull arrows, Xiaoxiao emphasized again: "This is based on the characteristics of European society, and the social form is directly related to the social productivity at that time.

The standard for identifying a primitive society is that there are no or basically no slaves, and "fishing, hunting and gathering" are the mainstay of the economy. Tribal members are few and all participate in labor in person.

The characteristics of a slave-slavery society are that the 'output of slaves' is the main body of the economy and slaves are the main means of production.

Slavery civilization established huge countries based on the hard work of slaves. Slavery countries conquered each other, implemented private ownership of land based on the productivity level at that time, liberated productivity, and also gained wealth through the large number of homesteaders produced in the process. The huge military mobilization capability destroyed the old aristocracy and the old country based on the slave economy.

This period was called feudal society. ”]

People from the Six Kingdoms talked a lot about this slave society and feudal society.

"The feudal system over there is completely different from ours. Starting from Yingzheng, it was a centralized system, but I think the period of Emperor Zhou should be regarded as a feudal system."

"It says that slave countries conquered each other, and in the process the land gradually became privately owned. That clearly refers to the period after the Spring and Autumn Period. Even if the Emperor Zhou is still around, everyone should still be a slave country."

"Yes, there were slaves in those days."

Fan Zeng arched his back, touched his beard, and shook his head.

"The anchor has already said that it is divided according to the characteristics of Europe. You should not copy it mechanically."

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, some students became confused when they saw the anchors writing and drawing without hesitation and analyzing the social structure of the past.

"Teacher, why do you think the research content of scholars in Europe is completely different from that of scholars here?"

What can the master say?

Most students do not only study the classics and meanings used in the imperial examinations. Those whose families have the conditions will read Taoist scriptures and Buddhist scriptures, and those who have better conditions will play music, chess, calligraphy and painting, or delve into some "heterodox" science.

Science that is so important to the development of technology is not taken seriously, let alone research in this direction.

Even if the "Song Theory" published two days ago was full of criticism about previous dynasties, he did not deny that there were problems with the system. The analysis of previous dynasties was also based on their various policies, which is completely different from this kind of research.

Even the Master himself was taking notes again and again, feeling confused about what he had been learning.

"The characteristic of feudal society is that the 'output of the land' is the main body of the economy and land is the main means of production.

Limited by the level of agriculture and the total amount of cultivated land, the food output from the land is limited and unable to feed the growing population in the future.

Once the grain harvest fails due to natural and man-made disasters, huge famine will ignite unrest, and the entire feudal society will return to its original starting point. The land annexation caused by land privatization and the personal dependence of tenant farmers/serfs will intensify the above contradictions.

The emergence of capitalists and wage workers did not occur in capitalist society, but in feudal society.

With the increase in productivity brought about by division of labor and technological innovation, as well as the disintegration of the natural economy brought about by the development of capitalism, the emerging bourgeoisie used revolutionary methods to eliminate the hierarchy and personal dependence of the old feudal lords, liberated the productive forces, and opened the door to capitalism. era.

The characteristic of capitalist society is that the 'commodity economy' is the main body of the economy, and the purpose of production is to 'trade' to create 'profit'.

Then, the cyclical crises that formed with the development of capitalism also led economists to propose another vision for the next social stage.

At that time, France's centralization had reached its peak in its increasing expansion, and the contradictions between the king, the nobility, the bourgeoisie and the people had reached the point of being irreconcilable.

At first, the French also retained the royal family, but both sides finally discovered that the existence of the royal family and the Revolution naturally could not coexist. ”]

Shusuntong understood.

According to the division of this social stage theory, different production relations correspond to different productive forces. When the productive forces arrive, if the production relations do not change, the development of productive forces will be restricted.

Due to various reasons, France's system has restricted the entire country, whether its productivity has reached or not. The royal family, nobles, priests, bourgeois, and people no longer want to continue with the previous system.

As the center of the old system, no matter what kind of king Louis XVI was, his fate was to be guillotined with the old system.

It is the people and the times that have begun to eliminate the existence of monarchs.

Although the national conditions were different, the kings all recorded the characteristics of feudal society.

At the inn, Wang Shouren and his friend who wanted to go to a local place to work together and make some achievements were also listening to the class together.

They are not very curious about what happens next, as they are not even in the capitalist stage. They are more concerned about the stage where land is used as the means of production.

The friend frowned: "If due to land privatization, the gap between the rich and the poor in terms of land, or means of production, is getting wider and wider, then a few years ago, when the dynasties changed and the system returned to its original point, does it mean that the system has not changed for thousands of years?" Productivity hasn’t reached its peak as it should?”

What he wants to ask more is 'whether changing dynasties is meaningless'.

Wang Shouren pondered for a moment, shook his head and asked: "According to the theory in the history books of the anchors and others, since this system reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, why did the next stage of change not occur in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, but was forced to change because of external forces?"

Why did the system that reached its peak fail to accelerate the next stage of change?

Lucky viewer No. 3, Uncle Song, is from Qidi. He has doubts. Although the situations of Eastern and Western dramas are different, they cannot be copied mechanically. But in the early days, our country did have farmers and slaves, but there was no feudal system like the west.

So is this a feudal society or a slave society?

[This question also made Xiaoxiao think about it for a while, and then explained: "There is another saying that people in slave society are divided into three categories: slave owners, slaves and free people.

Slave owners oppressed and exploited slaves, but not free people. This is a characteristic of slave society. What fits this characteristic is the slave society.

When slave owners began to oppress and exploit free people, it meant that the slave society evolved into a feudal society. The slave owners had two identities: slave owners and feudal owners.

If you want to be honest, the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period were already considered a feudal society. ”]

Lucky viewer No. 4 Sang Hongyang still felt something was wrong.

According to the division of that stage theory, division of labor and technological innovation are also needed before feudal society changes to capitalist society.

They know about technological innovation, the Industrial Revolution started by Britain.

Combining various documentaries about the West during this period, Sang Hongyang also discovered that the feudal monarchs in Europe were undergoing a process of centralization just like those in the Central Plains.

Whether it is the French royal family or England after the Glorious Revolution, everyone is pursuing an efficient political system that can mobilize more resources.

As a country that has been centralized since the Qin Dynasty, the East should only be advanced and not backward in terms of system. Why has there not been a single technological innovation with a huge gap for more than two thousand years?

Taking Li Chunfeng's deeds as an example, there are even many scientific geniuses.

"Why on earth has no system called science been developed?"

[Xiao Xiao looked at his familiar name, paused, and said, "This issue has been debated in the academic community.

There is a view that Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty and Dong Zhongshu must bear this blame. "

Knocking on the keyboard, Xiaoxiao searched out Dong Zhongshu's ideological theory for the Western Han Dynasty, which had not yet sorted out this theory. 】

Dong Zhongshu, who has been writing furiously all night: Wait a minute, what does it have to do with me?

Liu Che: Isn’t it clarified that I did not depose all schools of thought and only respect Confucianism?

After reading the main directions of unification, interaction between heaven and man, and ruling the country with virtue, both of them fell silent.

Dong Zhongshu looked at the sky and then at the scrolls he had stored. His face was filled with fear and he couldn't believe that he had just changed to Confucianism.

Liu Che thought for a moment, if Dong Zhongshu had shown him your kind of thinking a few times earlier, then he wouldn't be able to adopt other ideas besides the 'celestial induction' method.

The Confucian schools of Qin and Han thought for a moment and took a breath of cold air.

"What a good Dong Zhongshu! He respects ghosts and gods and keeps them at a distance. How can he study Confucianism and use the theory of gods and ghosts to predict the future?"

"Heaven uses yin and yang and the five elements to transform all things, and humans follow the order of heaven. What kind of Confucianism is this?"

The Yin Yang family where everyone lives well: I have mixed feelings.

But you should also be more scientific. Our Yin Yang family doesn’t talk about prophecies anymore. Don’t bother, we are busy learning geography and building a large astronomical telescope.

In addition, I would like to add that you Confucians should not deny it. The Neo-Confucianism of the Song and Ming dynasties can be traced back to its origins so early.

Da Qin currently does not have this set of things and has no ideas to use it. Ying Zheng looked at this set of things and thought about the possibility that if there was no Tianmu and someone presented him with this set of theories, he would adopt it.

Zhang Heng of the Eastern Han Dynasty could understand why thousands of years later, future generations would still talk about Emperor Xiaowu and Dong Zhongshu.

As an astronomer, how he and his colleagues treated the celestial phenomena, and how other scholar-officials who did not understand the celestial phenomena explained the celestial phenomena, makes one's eyes darkened just thinking about it.

[“For Confucianism, Dong Zhongshu can be said to be a peak after Confucius, Mencius, and Xunzi, and has profoundly influenced our current spiritual world and real life.”

After giving everyone time to read the content of Dong Zhongshu's thoughts and theories, Xiaoxiao continued.

"There is a view that after Dong Zhongshu, Confucianism transformed into Confucianism. In the name of 'ritual', it regulated all aspects from social relations to lifestyle, and the ideas of the Three Cardinal Guidelines and the Five Constant Virtues were deeply rooted in everyone's mind.

The Confucian scholars who enjoy the most resources crazily worship the absolute power after the Qin and Han Dynasties and have no interest in the world outside power. All their thoughts and philosophies, and every development and change, serve the ruling class.

Extreme autocracy leads to extreme pedantry, and extreme pedantry leads to backwardness that cannot move forward. ”]

As an emperor, Liu Che could understand that if he chose this theory, then he would like this theory to rule the Han Dynasty. Stability has its benefits, and naturally it has consequences.

But he refused to take the blame.

He made a choice to adapt to the national conditions of the Han Dynasty. If future emperors do not change themselves, how can they be traced back to him.

The expressions of the Confucian scholars changed again and again. Isn't this because later generations accused them of Confucianism for flattering the imperial power, and they were too busy fighting for power and profit, without giving any space for other schools of thought to survive?

Future generations, don't just look at Dong Zhongshu's proposal to "depose hundreds of schools of thought and respect Confucianism alone." Don't you think that other schools of thought will not crazily suppress other schools when they come to power?

What happened to Qin who fully accepted Legalism? When Huang Lao was popular in the early Han Dynasty, didn't they also control the country?

Baijia: Except for the Legalists and your Confucians, none of us have been fully accepted by a unified dynasty. But that guy Li Si didn't even think about our total death, but you Confucians really dare to think and do it.

People who lived in the Ming and Qing Dynasties did not complain much about future generations. They were born at the peak of this system and knew very well that there was no room for other talented people to grow.

Craftsmen do not know knowledge, and people with knowledge only study science for fun. Science here is not as attractive as being an official.

[When it comes to Confucianism, Xiaoxiao also has a question that he has always wanted to ask, so he simply decided to offer a reward.

"The more generally accepted view is that due to Confucian deletions, Yang Zhu's school has only one sentence left until now.

Mencius said, "The words of Yang Zhu and Mo Zhai fill the world. If the words of the world do not belong to Yang, they will belong to Mo." Then he said, "Yang Zi takes it for me, just plucking a hair and benefiting the world, I don't do anything for it."

Although the explanation is given in the Yang Zhu chapter of Liezi: The people of ancient times would lose even a tiny bit to benefit the world without giving back. I know that all the people in the world are dedicated to one body, and they don’t want to take it. No one suffers a single loss, no one harms the world, and the world is in order.

However, Liezi is mostly fabricated, and many of its ideas were deliberately compiled to oppose the famous religions of the Han Dynasty.

As for the Yang Zhu School, apart from nothing, what else is there? The Yang Zhu School of the Qin Dynasty, are you still there? Can you give me an answer? ”]

The Yang Zhu School was caught off guard and was called out: Wait a minute, what does it mean to have nothing? This is the only one sentence. Our Yang Zhu School has a lot of articles!

The Yang Zhu School of Qin Dynasty who were still there quickly raised their hands.

It's still there. Host, please give us one night to sort it out, and we'll send it to you tomorrow when it's sorted out. There is no need to offer a reward, just read our content live.

When the anchor agreed to call the fifth lucky viewer, all the Yang Zhu School members who were still in the Qin Dynasty couldn't hide their anger.

They fight fiercely for the right to speak among hundreds of schools of thought, but they pass on so many things from Confucianism and delete all the content from other schools of thought. Are you embarrassed?

Baijia also felt sorry for them when it was changed beyond recognition. Looking back, good fellow, they deleted only one sentence of their own school.

It was because Mencius scolded them that Confucians retained such a sentence.

What a shame!

Gritting their teeth, the people from the Yang Zhu School decided to spend the whole night sorting out old books, writing an old article for the anchor, a translation that she could understand, and writing a few new articles criticizing Confucianism.

Are you scolding your opponent? Who can't? Tomorrow I will ask for the books of our Yang Zhu School to be passed down throughout the dynasty. You Confucians are waiting!

Other schools of thought are also very worried. Yang and Mo are still prominent scholars in the world, but only one sentence can be deleted. So what if they can't compare to others?

No, starting from today, we need to quickly sort out the books of our own school. If one day they are selected by the anchor, they will also show their things to future generations.