Live broadcast: Ancient people accompany me to make up lessons

Kangxi now understands why the Qing Dynasty's literary prison and foreign exchanges will become more conservative in the future.

Even an emperor couldn't bear this kind of thing, let alone an emperor with a minority regime like the Manchu Qing Dynasty.

As soon as his face sank, Yinreng knew what he was thinking and laughed unceremoniously.

"Now that the entire Qing Dynasty knows about this revolution, instead of thinking about this, you might as well think about how to ban opium.

The last emperor Puyi had his hair cut off. Who knows if he would also go to court and be beheaded in the future. "

Anyway, it’s not his descendant, so Yinreng doesn’t care.

He picked up the memorial on the table and threw it at him. Kangxi, who had been feeling guilty about his second son for the past two days, was furious again.

It is not a big problem for a monarch to die, and it is not impossible to be beheaded by civilians, but he was tried and beheaded through formal procedures.

Where does the right to judge the king of a country come from?

Given by the people of a country.

This logic of rights is completely different from the logic of rights since ancient times. Even if Mencius said that the people value the king, it does not mean that there is no king, and the king is not elected by the people.

It was far from a simple overthrow of the emperor and the country, but the entire monarchy was abandoned by the people.

Can a monarch who is not recognized by the people still be considered a monarch if he only has the support of the nobles and the support of other neighboring countries?

Some people are still very frightened, some people are looking forward to the foreign affairs, and some people seem to understand something.

They seem to be far more important to the country than a monarch.

[The turmoil did not end, and all European monarchies united to fight against the republic that had judged the monarch.

The Girondins, the Jacobins, the Thermidorians... the turmoil in France never ceased.

Finally, the Napoleonic faction suddenly emerged in the Brumaire Coup. ]

The last sentence in the documentary says: After the French Revolution, everything in the world will be different.

And in all the time and space before the Great Revolution, everything will be different in the future.

The revolution from the future makes the monarchy no longer sacred, making the monarchs and nobles feel uneasy in the time and space where the monarchy exists now.

Being denied the meaning of their existence by the sky and the future, this feeling is really the most uncomfortable thing to come after the country is conquered by Qin.

So when the time came for the lottery, everyone worked hard and silently recited various lucky words in their hearts, trying to win the prize as soon as possible.

[1. Qin: Zhang Liang 2. Qin: Shusun Tong 3. Qin: Song Bo 4. Han: Sang Hongyang 5. Han: Wei Qing 6. Han: Zuodongshi 7. Han: Sanji 8. Wei: Liang Hu 9. Tang: Ouyang Qing 10. Tang: Yan Ping 11. Tang: Meng Pu 12. Zhou: Li Lang 13. Zhou: Luo Hongchuan 14. Song: Sun Miaoqing 15. Song: Wang Xiaoyu 16. Ming: Ge Jin 17. Ming: Lu Guanggu 18. Ming: Mei Dong 19. Qing: Ma Shun 20. Qing: Ubutu]

Zhang Liang, who was lucky enough to be on the list, had a lot of things on his mind. He hated Qin, hated Ying Zheng, and was also annoyed by the descendants of the Han king who were not living up to expectations. But this did not mean that he felt that the country did not need a monarch.

After thinking over and over in his mind, he finally got up and asked: "If the emperor and the feudal system that started from Qin will eventually perish, then why will it last for two thousand years?"

[This name asked this question, Xiaoxiao could only say that it was indeed him.

“The feudal system started in Qin Dynasty, or our country’s centralized monarchical autocratic system, also played its historical role in the historical period when it was needed.

We now generally believe that social systems are one of the manifestations of social production relations, and productivity determines production relations. "

That might be too dry. Xiaoxiao took out a piece of white paper and drew a square nine-grid field on it.

“At the end of primitive society, land was usually owned by nobles or chiefs, and farmers and slaves had no land ownership.

At the end of primitive society, farmers were like hired workers in noble families. They worked for the nobles, and the nobles gave them meager commissions.

Slaves also worked for the nobles like farmers, but the difference was that slaves' labor was free. The nobles did not need to pay them commissions, but only needed to give them meals.

For slaves and civilians, the land does not belong to them, and the wealth created by the land has nothing to do with them. Therefore, people have no enthusiasm to work on the fields, and the nobles and tribal leaders who value the land will not directly engage in land labor. This was one of the reasons for the low productivity of the time.

The well-field system, which originated in the Shang Dynasty and matured in the Western Zhou Dynasty, solved this dilemma.

The Jingtian system stipulates that all land belongs to the Emperor of Zhou, who is the highest ruler in the country and the highest land owner.

Taking the picture in my hand as an example, a well is divided into 9 squares, and the surrounding 8 fields are cultivated by 8 households, which are called private fields; all harvests from the private fields belong to the farmers; in the middle is the public field, which is cultivated by 8 households. , all income belongs to the feudal nobles.

That is, all the nine pieces of land are cultivated by farmers, all the income from the public land belongs to the feudal lord, and all the income from the other eight pieces of land belongs to the farmers who farm the fields.

Farmers living in the countryside are called "savages".

The princes and officials only had the right to use the enfeoffed land but had no ownership rights, and they were required to pay tribute to the Emperor of Zhou on time.

Matching the well-field system is the enfeoffment system. ”]

Everyone in the Qin Dynasty is familiar with the well-field system. It was indeed like this hundreds of years ago.

However, so far, this farming model has not existed in various parts of the Seven Kingdoms, and land has long been available for private sale. It is even more nonsense to fulfill obligations to the Emperor of Zhou based on land.

In Confucian schools, students are also discussing this with each other.

"According to this productivity and production relationship, the well-field system is a system that matches the enfeoffment system. The fundamental reason why the enfeoffment system cannot continue is because the well-field system has been destroyed."

"So the essence of the collapse of rituals and music is that productivity has changed again, and the well-field system is no longer suitable?"

“Is the legalist reform just to adapt the new system to the new productive forces?”

Legalists who have never thought about problems from this perspective: Copied!

Li Si, who was writing fast, and his junior brother Zhang Cang got together. The two of them made a tacit agreement not to mention Han Fei, but read out another name: Guan Zhong.

[“Due to the simple working tools and low productivity at that time, farming was done by several families working together.

However, with the development of agricultural technology and the popularization of iron tools and cattle farming, productivity has been greatly improved, and a form of labor in which household-based decentralized production began to emerge.

As a result, the public-private distinction came into being. Private fields were carefully managed and cultivated intensively, while public fields were ignored, resulting in the phenomenon of "public fields not being managed."

Beginning with Duke Huan of Qi and Guan Zhong, the land system reform in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period began. "

After finishing the short novel, I entered a few keywords about Guan Zhong's reform on the computer, and his two most critical reform measures regarding land came out, including classical Chinese and modern translations. 】

Li Si took a sip of water, "The choice between private and public is just like human nature."

Zhang Cang had a different opinion: "The well-field system has long since completed its historical mission and it is time to withdraw from the stage of history."

Equal distribution of land: Guan Zhong also allocated public land to farmers for farming, turning collective labor into decentralized, one-household individual operations.

To divide the goods with it: to measure the grain output according to the quality of the land, and then give a proportion of the harvest to the state, and keep the rest for yourself.

Even farmers can understand that public land is also allocated to farmers for farming. No matter what kind of land it is, farmers will try their best to cultivate it, because apart from paying a certain amount of taxes, the remaining output belongs to themselves.

Compared with the well-field system, they are naturally inclined to this system.

The old village chief patted the millstone and suddenly realized: "It turns out that our current method of paying land taxes also started from Guan Zhong!"

When this was mentioned, another young man next to him had an angry look on his face: "It's okay to pay taxes based on the yield of the fields, but why should we pay taxes not based on the harvest after the autumn harvest, but on the harvest they determined to be the best in the year?

Even if there are no natural disasters by luck, can we grow so much food every year? "

After slapping the millstone three times, the village chief scolded: "Dashan, be silent!"

The young man named Dashan shut up, but the dissatisfied look on the faces of others, including him, could no longer be concealed.

The village chief looked around. He didn't know when it started. Everyone in the village was still afraid of the government, but they were not as afraid as before.

He didn't know whether this was good or bad, so he could only whisper: "It's good that only some people in my village are saying this. Don't go outside and let others hear it. It will cause unnecessary disaster."

The village chief has been very prestigious in everyone's hearts for so many years, and everyone is willing to listen to what he says, but after all, everyone is not so afraid anymore, and they will still think about those extremely unreasonable things that they didn't think about before.

"In order to increase revenue, the State of Lu stipulated that all land, whether public or private, should be taxed per mu.

Since then, a large amount of pioneer land hidden in private hands has been exposed to the national tax system, and national fiscal revenue has been significantly increased.

After the State of Lu implemented the initial taxation of acres, the States of Chu, Zheng, and Jin followed suit, setting off a wave of land privatization in the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period.

Shang Yang's Reform was the first time that the private ownership of land was established by law, which completely ended the state-owned land system represented by the well field system, and started the private land system that lasted for more than two thousand years.

What matched the productivity of the era of iron farm tools at that time was the small-scale peasant economy, the private land system, and the centralized autocratic system. "

Xiaoxiao finally added: "Although in the next stage of history, it has fallen behind and is no longer suitable for us, at a certain period, we cannot deny its progressive significance."]

In other words, for more than two thousand years in China, the feudal system and productivity have been consistent. Productivity has not reached its peak, and neither has the autocratic system.

Until the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

Thinking of the titles in the anchor's history books, the emperors of the Ming and Qing Dynasties felt very guilty.

So when the autocratic monarchy system reached its peak in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, would it end up like the feudal system and the well-field system before, with the system falling apart?

The development of productive forces cannot be artificially restrained by them. The consequence of maintaining monarchical rule and the original old system is that foreigners came in to sign treaties in the late Qing Dynasty.

Even in the late Qing Dynasty, their reforms were mentioned in history books.

So this is an unsolvable topic, and the course of historical development will not be changed by anyone's will.

The lucky man Zhang Liang was also thinking, so in the next era after the productivity exceeds the carrying capacity of the well field system, the Qin Dynasty can only complete a thorough new reform and seize the opportunity to let the centralized system replace the past feudal system?

After listening carefully to this long list of answers, Zhang Liang bowed solemnly to the sky. He now also has a lot of knowledge to sort out.

For example, if Qin's system was advanced and appropriate, why did Qin die as the second generation?

Ying Zheng is also thinking about this issue.

All he could think of was that he was dead, and his successor Fusu was also dead. There was a power vacuum in the huge Qin Dynasty. The remnants of the six kingdoms who had been suppressed rose up in rebellion. In the end, no one in the six kingdoms won, and they were captured by the Han The fruits of victory.

Then the Han Dynasty also inherited the Qin system.

Now according to the idea mentioned by the anchor, it seems that the demise of Qin was precisely because the system was too right. It was right and did not give people who were still in the old era a chance to come to the new era.

His Great Qin II died, as if the new system and the old system were accidentally pulled apart in the final entanglement.

But when he thought about this, he became angry. Why did Han Dynasty manage to be fine in the end? There were also Eastern Han Dynasty, Western Han Dynasty and Ji Han.

He raised his head and looked at his frustrated son.

"Fusu, what do you think?"

Fu Su, who was relieved because of the French Revolution, said: "Da Qin's current productivity and system have not reached their peak, so we don't have to worry about France's problems."

There is no heavier shadow than Louis XVI being beheaded after being convicted of treason. One vote difference means one more vote, and the king of a country is gone.

But now there is no need to worry so much. It is really great. People from the Six Nations have become more handsome.

Taking a deep breath, Ying Zheng told himself not to scold his son.

"What I'm asking is, after hearing this, what do you think of the death of the Second Emperor of Qin?"

Fusu's eyes shifted a little and he said nothing.

What should I say, I'm not Qin II, how do I know?

After the above long paragraph analyzing productivity, production relations, and social systems, no one doubts that the education of future generations will be biased towards science.

Compared with the brilliant poetry and songs, this kind of knowledge is really hard to find.

Cao Pi also had a headache and looked at his notes on the table.

It is known that all systems match the times, economic level and productivity.

In the past, the Han Dynasty promoted filial piety and integrity, but in the future, the Tang, Song, Ming and Qing Dynasties would all adopt the imperial examination system. The nine-level Zhongzheng system in the middle should be in line with the times.

If there is a chance, Yang Jian, who did not appear, really wants to go through time and beat Cao Pi severely. Do you know how difficult it will be for me to take the imperial examination in the future because of your nine-level Zhongzheng system!

Li Shimin, who was trying hard to copy this new knowledge, also had a mask of pain on his face.

After so many years, I didn't expect that he would go back to the painful time of studying while he was busy running the country.

But this kind of course is very useful. It starts from the basics and analyzes the entire country. It is impossible not to learn it.

The specific systems of each dynasty and each generation are different, but generally speaking, they are still within the framework of the Qin and Han Dynasties.

It also reminded him of the land equalization system, and he began to think about what if one day the productivity of the Tang Dynasty and the land system began to mismatch, what would be the consequences.