My system is not decent

To put it simply, Heiqigu is a kind of ancient bronze ware with a shiny black surface.

It was first seen in the Song Dynasty and is still in use today.

Relevant objects can be seen in cultural relics from Shang, Zhou and Ming dynasties, especially some Han and Tang bronze mirrors.

The characteristic is that the surface is black and shiny, and the corrosion resistance is strong. Although some utensils have been buried underground for thousands of years, no rust marks have been seen so far.

Among the ancient Chinese bronze mirrors unearthed, there is a kind of shiny black surface with a smooth and crystal jade texture. This kind of bronze mirror is called "black lacquer ancient" bronze mirror.

This kind of copper mirror has attracted the attention of the academic circles because of its excellent corrosion resistance.

Over the years, scholars have focused on two viewpoints in the research on the cause of "black lacquer ancient".

One is the theory of artificial processing; the other is the theory of natural corrosion.

The focus of debate among scholars today is whether the high-tin corrosion-resistant layer on the surface of the "black lacquer ancient" copper mirror is artificially tinned or produced by the action of humic acid under natural conditions.

In fact, the theory of human intervention is a bit untenable, and at most it was caused by accident.

For example, the bronze mirror was slowly formed during the long underground burial after a special polishing treatment.

The rust color of all Shengmei copperware is very strong, whether it is red spot green embroidery or peacock blue, as well as crystallized rust will be very strong, and it will not fall off when boiled in hot water. Of course, this is suitable for beginners.

Because the layers of old embroidery and Shengmei embroidery are very natural, the layers of chemical or glue embroidery are messy, floating and soft.

Of course, there is one kind of embroidery that is an exception. The ancient coins unearthed on the mountains in Liao Province, due to the climate, this kind of green embroidery is very floating, and it will fall off if you wipe it with your hands, but most of the inside are black and ancient.

This cannot be the same as the above at the time of identification.

The general identification of black lacquer is very simple. There are only two kinds of fake black lacquer, burning and dyeing (waxing).

The sound of the burner is sharp and harsh, and the dyeing (waxing) can be seen as long as it is boiled in hot water.

The so-called "living pit" refers to the qualitative changes on the surface of copper ware caused by various chemical reactions.

Corrosion occurs naturally and layer by layer, forming a rusty color of green, red, blue, or purple on the surface of the device.

This rust color is solid and has a natural variability.

The patina is due to the fact that the copperware has been circulated or played with in people's hands. Human body fluids and tiny substances left on the hands are continuously added to the utensils like paint, forming a substance wrapped on the surface of the coin. This is patina. .

Patina rust color, mainly has four important components.

First of all, the color of the material, ancient coins, or the metal texture of some bronzes are different in color.

Bronze, copper, brass, and alloys have different colors, which can be called the base color.

Especially in ancient coins, this performance is even more special.

The worn part of the coin can be clearly seen.

Coins made of gold, silver, copper, iron, and lead have different base colors.

Then there is the color of the coating, black is the main color of the coating of copper utensils.

Strictly speaking, all patinas are black, but the patina can be thick or thin.

The color presented by the mixture of patina and material will show gold, mercury, black, gray, silvery white, pig liver, coffee and so on.

This is the color when the patina is thinner and mixed with the material. If the patina is thicker, no matter what the material is, it should be black.

Different materials, under different geological conditions, produce different patinas.

However, copperware with rust and no coating must be fake.

Then came the rust colors, mostly green, followed by peacock blue.

The rust color of the bronze wares is red, orange, yellow, green, blue, purple, and cinnabar rust.

A certain color as the main color, and a combination of various colors.

It's very complicated, but most of the counterfeit ones are green and peacock blue.

Finally, there is the color of mud. Many ancient bronzes are covered with mud in different soil regions and in different burial environments.

These dirt are often mixed with rust and become part of the color of utensils.

The colors of these four parts are mixed together.

Some are relatively simple, with prominent main colors.

Such as black and ancient coins.

In addition, some are more mixed.

These are all used to identify an antique, whether it is really an antique or not.

In fact, in this museum, what Chen Wenzhe saw was old-fashioned techniques, and then old-fashioned repairs!

Restore the old as the old, these are several methods of making bronzes in the restoration of cultural relics.

In the restoration of cultural relics, whether to restore the old as old or restore the old as new has always been a topic of endless debate.

Some people think that the restoration of cultural relics is a modern technology, and since it has been restored, there is no need to make it old on purpose;

However, some people believe that the significance of cultural relics restoration is to allow people to fully experience the wisdom and creativity of their ancestors.

Only by repairing the old as before can the incomplete cultural relics regain the glory of the past.

Obviously, the antique bronze workshops and museums here in Yangluo are masters of restoration.

They have always adhered to the principle of "repairing the old as the old" in restoring cultural relics, and in this bronze mirror museum, Chen Wenzhe saw several ways to restore the bronzes to look old.

Modern people must be inseparable from chemical aging, which is a shortcut.

The newly cast copper block for repairing the damaged bronze ware, and the new copper casting for copying can use chemicals to bite out the gray-black, jujube red, white-yellow-green and other bases first, and then make the rust color.

It can also be made into green, black, and red lacquer ancient (that is, luster).

The north and northwest of the country are called dizi, and the sea and Sioux City are called leather shells.

Various places adopt different medicine formulas, different methods, and the effects are also not consistent, and each has its own strengths.

In other places, Chen Wenzhe really doesn't see so many old-fashioned methods, but here, he can produce several kinds at once.

The first is to try out a new bronze with 15% tin, using copper acetate.

The south is called Kangqing, which is a kind of tin green chemical drug.

When heated to a certain temperature in the crucible, it can be reduced to tin.

Add ammonium chloride to form a thin paste solution.

Then wipe it on the surface of the utensils with a brush, and it will turn into gray and green ground in a few minutes.

The second method is to use several materials such as old vinegar, copper acetate, and ammonium chloride.

Make a solution according to the ratio of 80:10:10, and apply it repeatedly on the surface of copperware.

After it is slightly dark, put a wet bamboo pole on the fire to make it smoke, and put the utensils on it to smoke.

The bright yellow surface of the utensils first turns brown, and gradually turns brown.

At this time, the fire is fanned and roasted, and the coffee color gradually turns black again.

If the light is not natural, you can apply the above preparations again, put it in a damp place to change it, rinse it with water after a few days, and the light will become natural.

The third method is ammonium chloride, copper sulfate, old vinegar, etc., according to 10:10:80, pour ammonium chloride and copper sulfate into the vinegar, add a small amount of acid green paint (magenta green), the paint can Dissolve in water first.

Tie the utensils with a rope, immerse them in the solution, take them out after half an hour, soak them in clean water, the black ground will turn white or green, and the longer the soaking time, the thicker the ground will be.