My system is not decent

The glaze color of official kilns in the Song Dynasty is mainly pink and green, and most of them are plain, with neither gorgeous decoration nor colorful painting.

At most, concave and convex straight edges and string patterns are used as decorations, presenting a quiet and elegant noble charm, showing the unique aesthetic conception of the Song people.

These characteristics, if you think about it carefully, as long as it is a good kiln mouth, it can be fired.

It can also be said that as long as it is a good kiln mouth, there will be exquisite porcelain with various characteristics.

Whether a piece of porcelain is good-looking is always distinguished from the glaze color, shape, and decoration.

In fact, a careful study of these five famous kilns shows that the relationship between them is very close.

For example, the previous assertion that Jun and Ru did not distinguish, although this is wrong, it can also be seen from this that many characteristics of the two kiln mouth porcelains are the same.

This is also the case with official kiln wares, but official kiln wares are not only similar to Ru kiln wares, but also very similar to Jun kiln wares.

Even Ge kiln wares have very similar characteristics.

For example, since ancient times, there has been a saying that there is no distinction between officials and brothers.

As for the original origin of this statement, due to historical materials, kiln sites and physical objects, there is still no definite conclusion.

Now some people speculate that this statement may have something to do with the trend of imitating the famous kilns of the Song Dynasty that emerged in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

Especially after entering the Ming Dynasty, there were imitations almost from generation to generation.

When literati summarize the characteristics of the two in writing books, they often include later imitations.

At this time, there were not only official kilns and Ge kilns in Song Dynasty, but also imitated official kilns and Ge kilns in Yuan and Ming Dynasties.

As a result, the characteristics of official kilns and Ge kilns in the Song Dynasty have been modeled instead.

Coupled with the literature since the late Ming Dynasty, the counterfeit products were mistakenly summarized and described as genuine products.

As a result, the chaotic situation that is difficult to distinguish between true and false has been created more and more, so that the saying that "officials and elders can't be distinguished" has arisen.

This may only be solved when there are new archaeological discoveries or documents.

Of course, the real Ge kiln wares of the Song Dynasty are definitely not comparable to the imitations of later generations.

Modern collections are booming, and various types of ancient utensils have been studied.

Naturally, in this research, some people are also studying high imitation.

Therefore, Chen Wenzhe can still easily find out the defects of the imitations of later generations.

There is still a big gap between the imitation official kiln porcelain in the Song and Yuan Dynasties and the "genuine".

Among them, the most famous and controversial high imitation kiln should be the Longquan kiln.

The development of ancient celadon reached its peak due to the rise and growth of official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty.

However, with the collapse of the Southern Song Dynasty, the official kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty, as an imperial porcelain industry only used by the royal family, also disappeared.

There are very few treasures that can be handed down. Therefore, official kiln porcelain is often imitated by the present and future generations.

There are many famous porcelain kilns among them, and Longquan Kiln is one of them.

There is a Xikou imitation official kiln in Longquan kiln. A museum has been established at this kiln site, and it has been confirmed that it is an official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty.

But many modern views still think that this is a variety of imitation official kiln.

Here we need to talk about Longquan lime glaze, also known as lime alkali glaze.

Xikou imitation officials have the typical characteristics of official kilns - purple mouth and iron feet, and they are also made of black and gray green clay.

The only difference is that the texture of the enamel glass is relatively strong, bright and clean.

Therefore, Xikou's imitation officials have higher requirements for thin tires and thick glazes, and are more refined.

In the Southern Song Dynasty, there were official imitations in Xikou, and some imitation officials in Day Kiln, but they did not form a large scale.

Mr. Zhu Boqian believes in "A Brief History of Longquan Celadon" that since no signs of the occurrence and growth process of black-bodied celadon have been found in Longquan kilns, it is inferred that the production process of Longquan black-bodied celadon is influenced by the official kilns of the Southern Song Dynasty. Influence is the product of Longquan imitation official or Longquan official kiln.

For example, a Longquan kiln celadon bowl in the Tokyo National Museum is one of the masterpieces.

This bowl has a diameter of 26.1 centimeters and is open with a petal-shaped mouth.

Light pink celadon glaze is applied to the whole body, the enamel is soft and moist, and the ice cracks open.

There are wear marks on the edge of the mouth, and the mouth is inlaid with copper.

This vessel is dignified and exquisite in shape, and it is a rare treasure among imitation official porcelains of Longquan Kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty.

In addition to the contemporary imitation in the Song Dynasty, the Yuan Dynasty also imitated official kilns.

In the Xiuneisi official kiln, some porcelain similar to the appearance of the Ge kiln also appeared, and this part of the porcelain appeared in the Yuan Dynasty.

The Xiuneisi kiln was originally an official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty. With the invasion of the Yuan people, the official kiln was once abolished.

Until the early Yuan Dynasty, some people went to the kiln site to resume its production.

However, due to some accidents, the firing stopped again, and it was not until the second time that it returned to the kiln site that it resumed firing.

Therefore, during the Yuan Dynasty, the Xiunei Si official kiln had two re-firing stages.

In the second refiring stage, Ge kiln porcelain pieces similar to this were found.

These products in the kiln layer of the Yuan Dynasty came from the imitation of the Neisi official kiln.

Although there is still the halo of Xiu Neisi's official kiln, its essence and spirit are gone.

Judging from the shape of the vessel, it is much less refined than the official kilns at that time, and the production process has also declined relatively.

Judging from the surviving artifacts of the Xiunei official kiln, especially some fragments, we can see many things.

For example, a piece of porcelain was unearthed first. It is a stationery. Although it is small, the craftsmanship is very fine.

When it comes to this kind of appearance, many experts can say that it is a Ge kiln.

However, some experts can say that it is an official kiln.

Then the official brother is difficult to distinguish, this is one of its characteristics.

So, for things like this, you can define it as an official kiln, or you can define it as a Ge kiln.

Since the Ming Dynasty, there has always been a saying in the field of ancient ceramics that "officials and elders are not distinguished".

"Officials and brothers are not distinguished" refers to the fact that among the five famous kilns in the Song Dynasty, the basic characteristics of official kilns and Ge kilns were confused, and it was difficult to distinguish Zhongbo.

Gao Lian, a native of Qiantang, Zhejiang, said: "The character of official kilns is almost the same as that of Ge kilns."

Ming Wanli Jinshi Tu Long listed many of his study porcelains, and even the officials mentioned them together without distinguishing them.

It is true that Ge kiln porcelain and official kiln have something in common.

For example: all pieces are cut, both are gold wire and iron wire, and both are fired with nails and sand pads.

The nails are the main ones, all with purple mouth and iron feet, all of which are simple and elegant.

But in fact, as long as you study carefully, you can still find that there are obvious differences between the two.

First, the mouth of the official kiln is thin, the mouth glaze is dripping, vertical water stains, and the mouth is raised;

Ge kiln has a thick mouth and thick glaze with horizontal water stains.

Second, the official glaze is bright;

Brother glaze has a sweaty phase, while official glaze has no sweaty phase.

Third, on the opening piece, the vertical lines of official kilns are long, the horizontal lines are short, the direction of the lines is uncertain, and the thickness of the horizontal lines is slightly thinner;

Ge kiln has long vertical lines, short horizontal lines, and more left-handed vertical lines.

Fourth, on the carcass, the official kiln is thin, but firm and heavy;

Ge kilns are thicker than official kilns.

According to archaeological excavations, the only imitation official kilns in the Yuan Dynasty were black-tired official kilns.

The glaze layer is thinner than that of Song ware, and the glaze surface is dull, uneven, gray or yellowish white.

The slices are large and incoherent, the color is turbid, and the color is lighter and lighter.

These imitation official kilns are not as heavy in color as Song wares, and the size of the pieces varies greatly, and they are not as fine as Song wares.

The grain lines are relatively stiff, unlike the Song wares, which also show twists and turns in a small area.