My system is not decent

Among the imperial kilns, the Jun Kiln, also known as the Guan Jun Kiln, was the second official kiln established after the Ru Kiln during the reign of Emperor Huizong of the Song Dynasty, specializing in the firing of various imperial porcelains.

In particular, Jun kiln porcelain is mainly for the needs of the "Flower and Stone Gang" in the late Northern Song Dynasty, and flower pots are the most outstanding.

What happened to Hua Shi Gang, many modern people should know, because of the propaganda of Water Margin.

It can be compared with strange stones, the exquisiteness of this kind of artificially fired porcelain can be imagined.

This is Jun Kiln, any of the five famous kilns deserves its reputation.

Then there is the Ge Kiln, which was one of the five famous southern kilns in the Song Dynasty. The exact kiln site has not been discovered until now.

According to historical legends, a kiln was built for Zhang Shengyi and Zhang Sheng brothers in Chuzhou and Longquan counties on Liangzhe Road.

The kiln built by the elder brother is called "Ge Kiln", and the kiln built by the younger brother is called "Di Kiln", also known as Zhang Kiln and Longquan Kiln.

Some experts believe that the handed down Gongzangge kiln porcelain was actually fired in the Xiuneisi official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty.

The main feature of Ge kiln is that there are large and small irregular cracked pieces on the glaze surface, commonly known as "open pieces" or "civil and military pieces".

The ones as small as roe are called "caviar grains", the ones with curved slices are called "crab claw grains", and the ones with the same size are called "hundred rubbish pieces".

The texture of the small pattern is golden yellow, and the texture of the large pattern is iron black, so there is a saying of "golden thread and iron thread".

Among them, the porcelain imitating the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty has a black body and also has a "purple mouth and iron foot".

The carcass of Ge kiln porcelain can be thick or thin, and the glaze colors mainly include pink blue, moon white, and beige.

The shapes of the utensils are mostly washers, stoves, plates, and bowls.

This is the fourth of the five famous kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty, and the last one is the official kiln.

The official kiln was built in Bianliang, the capital during the reign of Emperor Huizong of Song Dynasty, and the kiln site has not been found so far.

The official kilns mainly fired celadon. During the Daguan period, the glaze colors of moonlight, pink green and big green were the most popular.

The carcass of official porcelain is relatively thick, the sky blue glaze is slightly pink, and the glaze surface has large grains.

This is due to the effect of the different expansion coefficients of the tire and glaze after being heated.

Porcelain feet are unglazed, iron-black after firing, and the mouth is thinly glazed, showing a slight fetal bone, which is commonly referred to as "purple iron feet".

This is a typical feature of official kiln porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty. The official kiln porcelain in the Northern Song Dynasty is rarely handed down, so it is very rare and valuable.

According to historical records, there were three official kilns in the Song Dynasty.

The official kiln sites of the Song Dynasty were divided into north and south, namely Bianjing official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty, Xiuneisi official kiln and Jiaotanxia official kiln in the Southern Song Dynasty.

Bianjing official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty ended with the demise of the Northern Song Dynasty.

After the Song Dynasty moved to the south, a new kiln was established in Hangzhou.

This is the continuation of Bianjing official kiln, known as "Southern Song official kiln" in history.

The earliest documents about official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty can be found in the records in Ye Zhi's "Tanzhai Biheng" in the Southern Song Dynasty.

"Zhongxing crossed the river. Shao Chengzhang proposed Houyuan, named Shaoju, and inherited the legacy of the old Beijing. He put the kiln in Xiuneisi and made blue wares. It is treasured by the world. There is a new kiln under the altar in the back suburbs, which is not as big as the old kiln. The other kilns such as Wuni kiln, Yuhang kiln, and Xu kiln are not comparable to official kilns. If the old Yue kiln is called, it will no longer be seen. "

It is clearly pointed out in the article that Xiuneisi official kiln is also called "nei kiln", which has the meaning of inner court and inner court.

At the same time, it also pointed out that the Xiuneisi official kiln was fired in imitation of the shape and structure of the Bianjing official kiln.

The mouth of this kiln is made of clear mud, which is extremely exquisitely made. It is cherished by the world because of its crystal clear enamel.

Of the three Song Dynasty official kilns recorded in the literature, one was in Bianjing in the Northern Song Dynasty, and its kiln site has not yet been discovered.

Because the glaze color and shape of the handed down official kilns are similar to those of the Ru kiln, some scholars believe that the Ru kiln is the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty.

The other two are located in Hangzhou during the Southern Song Dynasty, one of which is Xiuneisi official kiln.

The record about its firing location was first seen in Gao Lian's "Zunsheng Bajian" in the Ming Dynasty.

"The official kiln is located at the foot of Phoenix Mountain in Hangzhou. Its soil is purple, so its feet look like iron, and when the cloud is purple, its mouth is iron feet..."

However, where is the Xiuneisi official kiln site?So far, there is no trace.

Some scholars believe that the Xiuneisi official kiln is the same kiln as the Ge Kiln, one of the five famous kilns.

Because the two are very similar in terms of glaze color, opening, purple mouth iron foot and other characteristics.

And because the whereabouts of the two kilns are still unknown, there is a view that the two kilns are actually the same kiln.

But this is only speculation, not conclusive.

The second is under the suburban altar.

Ye Zhi mentioned in the book "Tan Zhai Bi Heng" that "a new kiln was established under the altar in the outer suburbs".

This refers to the second official kiln established in the Southern Song Dynasty, that is, the new kiln erected under the suburban altar after the Xiuneisi official kiln.

Its kiln site was discovered in the early 20th century, located in today's Wuguishan area in the southern suburbs of Hangzhou.

Moreover, the characteristics of the relics in the official kilns in the suburban altar are in many coincidences with those recorded in the literature.

Of course, the characteristics mentioned here are mainly the purple mouth and iron feet.

If you want to imitate the official kilns of the Song Dynasty, you must know what the purple mouth and iron feet are and how they are fired.

Gao Lian of the Ming Dynasty also recorded it in "Eight Notes of Zunsheng".

"The official kiln is at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain in Hangzhou. The soil is purple, so the feet look like iron. At the time, the cloud has a purple mouth and iron feet. The utensils are raised up, and the water flowing down is shallower than the whole body, so the mouth reveals purple marks. This is not expensive, but it is precious. With iron feet, the soil in other places is not as salty as this."

It means that the official kiln is at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain in Hangzhou, because the soil here is rich in iron elements, which makes the soil color dark red (purple) (that is, purple gold soil).

Because of the dark color of the fetal soil used for firing porcelain, the unglazed bottom foot reveals the fetal color (iron black), so it is called "iron foot".

In addition, due to the thin glaze hanging on the edge of the mouth, it cannot perfectly cover the color of the fetus at the edge of the mouth, thus exposing the dark color of the fetal soil, so it is called "purple mouth".

According to tests, the content of iron oxide in the celadon bodies of official kilns in the Southern Song Dynasty was as high as 3.5%-6.7%.

This is the root cause of the "purple mouth and iron foot" feature.

Purple mouth and iron feet are a major feature of official kilns, but it does not mean that every piece of official kiln wares must have this feature. There are also some official kiln porcelains with iron feet but no purple mouth.

Therefore, we also need to look at the decoration of the opening piece.

The principle of the opening of the surface of official kiln porcelain will not be repeated here. Chen Wenzhe has already imitated it very well in Ru Kiln and Ge Kiln.

Simply put, the cracking is a phenomenon that the glaze cracks and the tire does not crack when the shrinkage rate of the glaze and the tire are not consistent, and it is formed when the glaze is cooled after firing.

It was originally a flaw in the firing process, but ancient craftsmen cleverly used its patchwork, vivid and natural picture effects to form a natural and interesting decoration.

In "Zunsheng Eight Notes", there is a discussion about the opening of the film.

"The pattern takes the ice-cracked eel blood as the top, followed by the ink pattern of plum blossoms, and the fine grain pattern is also below."

It means that the split pattern is divided into upper, middle and lower grades, with ice cracked eel blood pattern as the top, plum blossom slice ink pattern in the middle, and fine broken pattern as the bottom.

In fact, no matter what kind of pattern decoration, it is a treasure among treasures in today's view.

The last is the glaze color of the official kiln, which is also one of the most important characteristics.

Because no matter whether it is purple iron feet or split patterns, they are all attached to the glaze on the surface of the porcelain.