My system is not decent

In 1960, the Hongqi Porcelain Factory filled the underglaze color materials into the exquisite eyes, creating the blue and white colorful exquisite eyes for the first time.

In 1965, the ceramic artists of Art Porcelain Factory successfully prepared four kinds of colorful exquisite glazes: red, yellow, green and blue.

These exquisite porcelains, that is, modern porcelains, are not antiques, let alone official kilns.

Otherwise, this top-level Linglong porcelain is definitely no worse than Qianlong's Linglong porcelain.

The specific method of making Linglong porcelain is not too difficult for professionals like Chen Wenzhe.

To make a piece of blue and white exquisite porcelain, first of all, the flower shape designed according to the pattern should be made on the green body.

Then carve millet holes one by one, so that the two walls are penetrated, like small windows;

Then the special transparent glaze on the lake, just like the window lake paper, is glazed on the whole body.

After roasting, the engraved area is clear and translucent. This light-transmitting rice grain-shaped hole is called "rice flower".

In Neon, it is called "Mitong" or "Firefly Hand".

Some furnishings, such as dragon boats and vases, are also called Linglong.

This kind of porcelain, especially some small bowls, is as white as jade after it is made, the glaze is as bright as a mirror, the body is as thin as paper, and the clasp is as loud as a rock.

The whole body of the bowl, if the petals and leaves of various shapes are withered, under the light, the whole vessel will be exquisite and translucent.

During the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of skilled craftsmen gathered in the imperial kiln factory.

Regardless of the production cost, the exquisite withered patterns have also developed from a single rice grain pattern to a variety of flower patterns.

The combination of hollowing out and half-knife mud gives the pattern more layers, and also makes Linglong porcelain develop to its heyday.

Due to the complicated process, the difficulty of withering and the low rate of finished products, Linglong porcelain is mostly used as display porcelain for the royal family.

These exquisite porcelains have won the favor of the royal family and the common people by virtue of their seemingly transparent, but in fact impermeable, practical and ornamental features.

It can be said that it is unique among the various categories of ceramics!

Unfortunately, this is just a flash in the pan.

This kind of porcelain in the Qianlong period also had more diverse decorations than that in the Yongzheng period, but generally speaking, it was dominated by auspicious patterns.

In addition to the year mark, in the Yongzheng period, miscellaneous treasures, four flowers, animal shapes, etc. were more common, and the name of the hall was less than that of Kangxi.

There are more famous halls in the Qianlong period than those in Yongzheng, and there are more seal scripts in the year, and there are also four flowers.

It's a pity that by the late Qianlong period, the heyday of the Manchu and Qing Dynasties had passed, and from then on, things went from bad to worse.

In the late Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, porcelain had already begun to decline, so it was even worse in Jiaqing later.

It can be said that all official kiln porcelains after Jiaqing began to decline gradually.

The utensils in the early period of Jiaqing are basically the same as those of Qianlong, but the craftsmanship is rough, the shape is thick and clumsy, and the glaze is thin and gray and blue.

The utensils of Daoguang, Xianfeng and Tongzhi periods are roughly similar.

They are all blue and white with floating color, rough and loose body, thin glaze, not tightly combined with glaze, and the decorations are mainly auspicious patterns.

In this situation, blue and white porcelain was not revived until the time of Guangxu.

The blue-and-white porcelain of this period imitated Kangxi ware at a higher level, but the carcass was lighter, the white glaze was thinner and astringent, and the tire repair was not fine enough.

Other utensils, regardless of the glaze and shape, are similar to those of Tongzhi.

Blue and white color wares are common, and in addition to year marks, there are also "made by Changchun Palace", "made by Kunning Palace", "made by Chuxiu Palace" and so on;

False trusts are mostly seen in "Kangxi Annual System", "Ruoshen Collection" and so on.

After that, the last emperor Xuantong, there was an important thing in this period, that is, chemical green materials began to appear.

Of course, as official kiln wares, it is definitely impossible to use cheap chemical green materials.

The green materials used in the Xuantong period were mainly Huiqing materials and Zhejiang materials.

Huiqing, there are many sayings that it was produced in the Western Regions, Xinjiang, and Yunnan provinces.

The hair color of this material is blue and purple, if used alone, it will disperse, so it is often used in combination with Shiziqing.

From Jiajing to the early Wanli period of Ming Dynasty, this material was often used.

Among them, it is divided into Shangqing, that is, mixed with 10% Shiziqing, which is used for mixing water (coloring), and the hair color is blue and bright;

Medium blue: mixed with 40% Shiziqing, used for coloring (outlining the outline), the strokes are clear and clear.

Zhejiang material, also known as Zhejiang Qing, is produced in Shaoxing and Jinhua in Jiangsu and Zhejiang.

Among the domestic materials, Zhejiang materials are the most superior, with green hair color, which was used in the blue and white wares of Jingzhen official kilns from the mid-Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty.

In addition to the above two well-known green materials, there is also equal green.

This is not an insider, and most people don't know it.

Chen Wenzhe understood this point best.

Because making porcelain, especially blue and white porcelain, you have to understand these things.

Pingpingqing, also known as Pitangqing, is produced in Leping, Xijiang Province.

It was used in the late Ming "blank period" and the early stages of Chenghua, Hongzhi, and Zhengde.

This material is light and elegant in color, blue and bright, and stable, especially making Chenghua blue-and-white wares famous for a while.

Then there is stone green, this kind of green material is also called stone green, which is produced in Gao'an, Yifeng, and Shanggao in Xijiang Province.

When this material is used alone, blue and white hair color is gray or even black.

In Ming and Qing Dynasties, folk kilns generally used this material, while official kilns were used in harmony with Huiqing.

Of course, among the green materials used in the Qing Dynasty, there is also a high-quality glaze, which is pearl material.

Zhuming material is produced in Xuanwei, Huize, Yiliang and other counties of Yunnan Province, among which Xuanwei material is the best.

This material is bright and pure in color, and Kangxi blue and white porcelain is mostly used in this material. Before this, Chen Wenzhe specially imitated this kind of Kangxi blue and white porcelain.

Of course, the above domestic cobalt materials are mostly high manganese.

For example, the most famous Sumaliqing, this material is a low-manganese and high-iron cobalt material, so the blue and white color is dense and green, with "rust spots", commonly known as "tin light".

Part of the blue and white flowers in the Yuan Dynasty and the green materials used in the Yongle and Xuande official kilns in the Ming Dynasty are all of this kind, and they are all produced in ancient Persia or today's Syria.

The last kind of green material that is commonly used is chemical green material.

Chemical green material, that is, green material prepared with chemical cobalt oxide.

The hair color is purple-blue, pure and rich, but it is frivolous and lacks adhesion, and the price is also low.

The blue and white ware made of this material lacks the beauty of natural blue material.

However, it can't stand it being cheap, so it is still used the most now.

What's more, modern green materials are not all defective.

No matter what it is, there are masters who decide the top quality.

For example, modern chemical green materials can imitate almost all known blue and white hair colors.

Of course, other glaze colors can also be imitated. Otherwise, how do modern people present some lost glaze colors?

It is the use of modern chemical means to adjust the color.

The blue and white raw material is clear, it is cobalt oxide.

This is a painting raw material with strong tinting strength and excellent stability.

It not only has a wider firing surface, but also is easy to fire, which is its main performance.

In addition to cobalt oxide, blue and white raw materials also contain iron oxide and manganese oxide and other elements in varying degrees.

The amount of other elements determines the color properties and variety classification of blue and white raw materials.