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Thinking about it carefully, Chen Wenzhe has made almost all other colored glazes, but he has never made blue and white porcelain.

This is a little wrong. I have done other fighting colors and five colors, so how can I not make blue and white?

Blue and white porcelain, to be precise, should be called white ground blue and white porcelain, often referred to as blue and white porcelain. It is one of the mainstream varieties of porcelain in my country and belongs to underglaze colored porcelain.

It is not difficult to fire blue and white porcelain.

As for the various types of blue and white porcelain, Chen Wenzhe can also do the best.

Therefore, what should be studied most now is the blue and white material.

In fact, to put it simply, blue and white porcelain is made of cobalt ore containing cobalt oxide as the raw material, and the ceramic body is painted with patterns, then covered with a layer of transparent glaze, and then fired in a high-temperature reduction flame.

The cobalt material is blue after firing, and has the characteristics of strong tinting power, bright color, high firing rate and stable color.

Otherwise, blue and white porcelain would not be widely spread.

Although blue and white are very beautiful, but there are many beautiful glaze colors, why is blue and white the most widely known?

Isn't it easy to burn and low cost?

People now think that blue and white porcelain was invented in the Yuan Dynasty, but it is not.

To be precise, the original blue and white porcelain has been seen in the Tang and Song Dynasties.

In other words, there were also blue and white porcelains in the Tang and Song dynasties.

In this way, the Yuan Dynasty at most was to carry forward the blue and white porcelain, not to create it.

Of course, the mature blue and white porcelain must have appeared in the Hutian kiln of jdz in the Yuan Dynasty.

Blue and white porcelain in the Ming Dynasty became the mainstream of porcelain.

Especially during the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, it reached its peak.

During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, derivative varieties such as blue and white five colors, peacock green glazed blue and white, bean green glazed blue and white, blue and white red color, yellow ground blue and blue, and brother glazed blue and white were created.

Let's go back to the Tang Dynasty. The blue and white porcelain in the Tang Dynasty was at the beginning of the blue and white porcelain.

The specimens we can see now include more than 20 pieces of blue and white porcelain unearthed in Yangshi in the 70s and 80s;

There is also a blue and white striped replica collected by Feng Pingshan Museum in Xiangjiang;

A flower-patterned bowl in the collection of the Ugly Boston Museum;

A jar with fish and algae patterns in the collection of the Copenhagen Museum in Denmark;

A stippling plum-pattern cover from the collection of Jinling Museum.

Through the study of the body, glaze, and color of the porcelain pieces unearthed in Yangshi, and the analysis of the material and technical conditions of the Gongxian kiln in the Tang Dynasty, it is preliminarily concluded that the origin of the Tang blue and white is the Nanhe Gongxian kiln.

In recent years, a small number of blue and white porcelain specimens have been unearthed at the Gongxian kiln site.

This further confirms that the origin of Tang blue and white is in the kiln of Gongxian County, Nanhe.

Judging from the blue and white porcelain pieces unearthed in Yangshi City, the blue material has rich color and crystal spots, and is a low manganese, low iron, copper and cobalt material.

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This kind of ore should be cobalt imported from Central and West Asia.

The porcelain produced in this way has a coarse and loose body, beige gray color, and poor sintering degree.

The bottom glaze is white and yellowish, and the enamel is thicker.

Between the fetal glaze, apply make-up soil.

The main types of utensils are small pieces, including complexes, bowls, jars, and lids.

Except for the fish and algae jars collected by the Copenhagen Museum in Denmark, the rest are all flower patterns.

Among them, the pattern of flowers and plants can be divided into two categories, one is the typical traditional Chinese flowers and plants, with small flowers such as carnation and plum blossom being the most common;

The other type is a typical Arabic eucalyptus pattern with scattered leaf patterns sandwiched in geometric figures such as rhombuses.

From this point of view, combined with the places where Tang blue-and-white porcelain was unearthed more (Yang City was an important port in the Tang Dynasty), it can be proved that Tang blue-and-white porcelain was mainly for export.

Since blue and white porcelain appeared in the Tang Dynasty, there must be one in the Song Dynasty.

Song Qinghua, few people should have heard of it.

After Tang Qinghua went through the start-up period, it did not develop rapidly, but went into decline.

There is also a reason for this, because the Song Dynasty did not have the vast territory of the Tang Dynasty.

Especially after losing the Northwest region, it is impossible to reach the Central Asian region, so there will be no source of blue and white materials, and the more it will naturally decline.

So far, the only Song blue and white flowers we can see are more than ten pieces of porcelain unearthed from two tower base sites.

The first was excavated in 1957 at the Jinsha Tower base in Longquan County, Jiangsu and Zhejiang Province, and a total of 13 pieces of blue and white bowl fragments were unearthed.

On the bricks of the tower, there is an absolute date of the Northern Song Dynasty "Taiping Xingguo Second Year" (977);

The other is the base of the Huancui Pagoda in Shaoxing, Jiangsu and Zhejiang in 1970, where a fragment of the abdomen of a blue and white bowl was unearthed.

The tower tablet unearthed at the base of the tower proves that the tower was built in the first year of Xianchun in the Southern Song Dynasty (1265).

These more than ten pieces of Song blue and white porcelain pieces are all fragments of the bowl.

Some of the tires are thicker and some are thinner.

There are chrysanthemum pattern, circle pattern, string pattern, line pattern and so on.

The part before the blue and white hair color is thicker and black;

The latter one is lighter.

Those with darker hair color should be because the transparent glaze on the outer cover is too thin.

Jiangsu and Zhejiang are rich in cobalt mines, and these blue and white porcelains should be made of local cobalt.

They have no direct continuation relationship with Tang Qinghua.

After the development of the Tang and Song Dynasties, in the Yuan Dynasty, it was because of the great unification that the rulers of the Yuan Dynasty could obtain more resources.

At this time, the blue and white porcelain really developed.

The mature blue and white porcelain appeared in Jingzhen in the Yuan Dynasty.

We all know now that the body of Yuan blue and white porcelain adopts the dual formula of "porcelain stone + kaolin".

This increases the alumina content in the tire, increases the firing temperature, and reduces the deformation rate during the firing process.

Therefore, the carcass of most utensils is thick and thick, and the shape is thick and full.

The fetal color is slightly gray and yellow, and the fetal quality is loose.

The bottom glaze is divided into two types: blue and white and egg white, with a strong sense of opacity.

The green materials used include two types, high manganese and low iron type green materials, the color is blue and grayish black;

Low manganese and high iron type green material, green and rich in color, with rust spots.

On some utensils, there are also cases where the two are used together.

The types of utensils mainly include household utensils, offering utensils, and tomb town utensils.

In particular, bamboo stem cups, utensils with seats, and tomb-casting utensils are the most characteristic of the times.

Except for the jade pot with spring bottom and foot-dangling glaze, the bottom of other utensils is sandy and unglazed, see flint red.

The biggest feature of Yuan blue and white decoration is that the composition is full and the layers are many but not chaotic.

The brushwork is mostly dots and strokes, smooth and powerful;

Outline rendering is thick and calm.

Themes of theme decoration include figures, animals, plants, poetry and so on.

Characters include Gao Shitu (Siaitu), historical figures, etc.;

Animals include dragon and phoenix, unicorn, mandarin duck, swimming fish, etc.;

Common plants include peony, lotus, orchid, pine, bamboo and plum, ganoderma lucidum, flowers and leaves, melons and fruits, etc.;

Poetry is very rare, and the petals of peonies are mostly left with white edges;

The dragon pattern of the Yuan Dynasty has a small head, thin neck, long body, three or four claws, ridges on the back, and grid-shaped scales, vigorous and fierce.

Auxiliary decorations are mostly curly grass, lotus petals, ancient coins, sea water, fretwork, clouds, banana leaves, etc.

The shape of the lotus petal pattern is like "braces", and Taoist miscellaneous treasures are often painted in the lotus petals;

In the wishful cloud pattern, the eight monsters of the sea, lotus flowers with broken branches, flowers with twisted branches are often painted, and third-order clouds are painted;

The middle stalk of the banana leaf is solid, mainly filled with green material;

The sea pattern is a combination of thick and thin lines.