Into Unscientific

  Chapter 583 History: If you keep kicking, I will have shoe prints on my ass

   Right now.

  In the lounge.

  After listening to Hou Guangjiong's introduction.

  Old Guo, Li Jue, Qian Bingqiong and others also generally have a preliminary understanding of the whole thing.

   Then Lao Guo looked around the scene and asked Hou Guangjiong:

   "By the way, Professor Hou, where are those rice plants now?"

  “.It’s a male sterile plant.”

  Hou Guangjiong first corrected Lao Guo’s statement, then turned around and said to Yuan Guoliang:

   "Xiao Yuan, go and fetch the box."

  Yuan Guoliang said yes, walked quickly to the side, and brought back a small iron box locked with a copper lock.

   Then he took out a key from his body and carefully opened the box, revealing the inside:

  This is a rice sample that has been encapsulated in a transparent plastic film. There are obvious cracks at the flower spikes—the cracks mainly exist on the left, while the right is relatively normal.

   Wait until the box is opened.

  Hou Guangjiong gently pinched the plastic film to pick up the sample, and said to Lao Guo and others:

   "Director Guo, this is the sample we got."

   "Look, the little head on the left that is obviously split is a sterile male plant, and there is no pollen in it."

   "The one on the right is a female plant with normal development, which can normally receive foreign pollen for cultivation. Look, here is the bud head."

  Old Guo Wenyan leaned forward and took a look.

   Sure enough.

  The situation is indeed consistent with what Hou Guangjiong said.

  The slit on the left side is very awkward, and not even a single pollen can be seen inside.

   Although his major is fluid mechanics and aerospace.

  But rice is a hermaphroditic crop, and he is very familiar with the knowledge that the male plants are pollinated and grown—he even went to the field to plant rice when he was a child.

   Male plants without pollen are the same as men without that, unable to carry out the teaching behavior of giving everything.

  Later, Lao Guo casually tapped the small iron box twice with his index finger, and asked Hou Guangjiong:

   "Director Hou, have you prepared your specific breeding plan? - If I remember correctly, the hybrid breeding plan seems to be quite complicated?"

  Although Hou Guangjiong had previously given Lao Guo a time limit for cultivating hybrid rice, this was more of an expected plan.

   To truly implement this plan, a more detailed breeding plan is obviously needed.

  Lao Guo doesn't know much about rice hybridization, but he has seen hybrid corn when he was across the sea, and he knows that the customization of this scheme is very complicated—the Caltech he studied at is an important experimental institution for hybrid corn.

   Facing the questions raised by Lao Guo.

  Hou Guangjiong shook his head lightly.

  I saw him carefully put the sample back into the box, and explained:

   "Not yet. After all, Director Guo, we have just obtained this sample, and we have to study many things from scratch."

   "In addition, it may take some time to implement the attitude of the higher-ups. We can only say that we have a general idea, but it is obviously impossible to come up with a specific plan immediately."

  Old Guo nodded clearly.

   He guessed the same.

   Before today.

  The concept of male sterile wild rice only exists on the theoretical side. It is not possible for the top management to say that they do not pay attention to it, but it is true that they did not put this matter too high.

   If not.

  Yuan Guoliang and Zhou Kaida didn't need to contact Hou Guangjiong when they discovered the plant, and they would not need to contact the capital with Yang Kaiqu, an old academician.

  Now Yang Kaiqu will appear at the base.

  One reason is that male sterile wild rice is indeed his lifelong obsession. He has spent more than 30 years just to find this kind of sample.

  Even if there is only a countdown to the last few months of his life, he must personally settle this matter.

  The second is.

  He is using his spare energy to "increase weight" for the value of hybrid rice—a member of the academic department who is about to die, no matter what the psychology is in the organization, he must respond.

   And with the strategic vision of those big shots in the capital.

  As long as they can understand the concept of male sterile wild rice, they will immediately realize the importance of this project.

   In a sense.

  This kind of behavior is similar to the ancient courtiers wanting to show their ambitions. Unless this kind of remonstrance is foolish, the monarch must express his concern.

   Actually.

   In the original history.

  Old Mr. Yang Kaiqu also used this method of using himself as a 'bargaining chip'. Just now, the winter water field in Sichuan Province has received organizational attention, and its influence has been beneficial to later generations in 2023.

  Open the canal and open the canal, the man lives up to his name.

  The canal transports running water to benefit the common people.

  “.The specific plan has not been specified yet?”

   After receiving Hou Guangjiong's answer.

  Old Guo was silent for a moment, then suddenly turned his head to look at Xu Yun who was at the side, and asked him:

   "In that case, Comrade Han Li, do you have any thoughts or opinions on the hybrid rice breeding program?"

  唰—

   The voice just fell.

  The gazes of Hou Guangjiong, Yuan Guoliang, Zhou Kaida and others locked on Xu Yun in the wheelchair at the same time, and a hint of surprise appeared on their faces.

to be honest.

   Among Lao Guo and his party, the first thing they noticed was Xu Yun. After all, he was in a wheelchair.

  Just because of age, Yang Kaiqu and the others originally thought that this young man in a wheelchair was just an assistant.

   But now it seems.

  He doesn't seem to be an ordinary character?

  Could it be.

  Comrades from the Agriculture and Food Center of the Base?

   Or the management of the agricultural sideline team?

   And the other side.

  Xu Yun was also a little surprised by Lao Guo's question.

   But soon.

  He understood Lao Guo's thoughts:

  I had previously proposed a nutritional plan for black soldier fly larvae. In the plan for exchanging cola for winter wheat, he also mentioned some of the characteristics of winter wheat many times.

  Xu Yun's cognition in the field of food is at least much higher than that of pure science and engineering men like Lao Guo.

in addition

  Actually, even if Lao Guo didn’t speak, Xu Yun originally wanted to interject a few words.

   After all, this is Yuan Guoliang and Zhou Kaida

   Then he took a deep breath and adjusted his mentality.

   Try not to let your eyes look at Yuan Guoliang and Zhou Kaida, but ask Hou Guangjiong calmly:

   "Professor Hou, I don't know which method you are going to use for plant breeding? Two-line method? Or three-line method?"

  Yang Kaiqu's eyes lit up when he heard the words, and there was a hint of surprise in his eyes:

   "Comrade, have you heard of the Three Lines of Law?"

  Xu Yun nodded:

   "I heard a little bit."

joke.

  As a Ph.D. in biology in genetics.

  If Xu Yun didn't even understand the three elements of law, then he could almost be nailed to the pillar of shame like a certain Dr. Zhai.

  Three series.

   This concept was first proposed in 1947 by the American geneticist Hills.

  The so-called "three lines".

   refers to male sterile lines, male sterile maintainer lines, and male sterile restorer lines.

The male sterile line is exactly what it means. It is a kind of rice with normal stamens, degenerated male lychees, and self-fertilization, that is, the males have no reproductive ability. Gays and stamens and male lychees can be understood by lowering their heads. Lesbians depend on whether they are female drivers. .

   This sterile characteristic can be passed on to the next generation.

  Keep the line.

   is rice with normal pistils and stamens, that is, it can self-pollinate and bear fruit.

  It can pollinate the sterile line to make it fruitful, but the offspring still maintain the male sterile characteristic of sterility.

   With the maintainer line, the sterile characteristics of the sterile line can be maintained from generation to generation, which is a very important series in the whole process.

   Restoration is better understood.

  Recovery refers to the return to normal function, that is, the stamens and pistils are fine, and the rice can be self-pollinated and fruity.

  Its pollen is given to the seeds obtained by the sterile line, which has normal fertility and restores male fertility.

  The plants grown from this are hybrid rice, which can self-fertilize.

   The offspring of the "sterile line" and the "maintainer line" have a large proportion of sterile offspring, which can be used to continue breeding the "sterile line".

  The "sterile line" is mated with normal rice, that is, the restorer line, and hybrid rice seeds with excellent properties can be obtained.

   Very simple and easy to understand.

  So the difficulty of this technology is not the theoretical basis, but how to realize it in breeding.

  Yuan Guoliang was not the first to put forward this theory on a global scale, but he was the first to implement this theory into reality.

   This is like a curvature engine.

  In 1994, Alcubieri proposed the Alcubieri metric that completely describes the curvature engine mathematically, but now you see who has made the curvature engine?

Of course.

  Be it Yuan Guoliang right now, or Hou Guangjiong and Zhou Kaida.

  They obviously haven't fully summarized the relevant theories of the three-system law.

   So Xu Yun thought about it.

Decide

   Another jio kick at history's ass.

  So he paused, and said to Hou Guangjiong:

   "Professor Hou, if my prediction is right."

   "You should plan to collect the seeds of this male sterile plant and cultivate it as the female parent of the sterile line, right?"

   "Then plant the restorer line samples alternately, let them meet at the flowering stage, and then artificially pollinate?"

  Hou Guangjiong nodded:

   "Exactly."

   This is a standard step for hybrid corn. No matter what the final plan for hybrid rice is, this step must not be escaped.

   But soon.

  The next sentence that came out of Xu Yun's mouth made Hou Guangjiong stunned:

   "In this case, Professor Hou, I wonder if you have considered a more detailed technology?"

  “.”

  Hou Guangjiong blinked and asked:

   "What refinement technique?"

   Seeing this, Xu Yun stretched out his left and right hands, and simultaneously gestured with the two index fingers of both hands in a '1' gesture in the air.

   Then put the two index fingers together first, and then separated by a distance:

   "Two exceptional genes were isolated."

  Seeing that Hou Guangjiong didn't speak.

  Xu Yun shook his left index finger twice, and explained:

   "The first gene is the pollen lethal gene, which is in the pollen or gametophyte and makes the pollen or gametophyte lethal."

   Then he shook his right index finger again:

   "The other gene is the fertility restoration gene, which is a dominant gene."

  "As long as there is this gene, the sporophyte can produce pollen, and the individual is fertile."

   "Think about it carefully, if a fertility restorer gene and a pollen lethal gene are introduced into the male sterility line, what will happen?"

  Hou Guangjiong was taken aback again.

   A few seconds passed.

  He suddenly shrank his pupils, picked up the paper and pen from the table, and hurriedly wrote on the arithmetic paper:

   "Assume that the male male sterile line is rr, the fertility restorer gene is R, and the pollen lethal gene is F"

   "Then the offspring will have two types F-R and F-r"

"And then"

   "Mom?!"

   It was written and written.

  Hou Guangjiong's pen tip paused for an instant, and he raised his head in astonishment, and looked at Xu Yun:

   "Comrade Han Li, this method you mentioned can screen high-quality genes?!"

  Xu Yun nodded emphatically.

at the same time.

  He still calmly glanced at Yuan Guoliang, who was also shocked.

  Boss, please forgive me for copying my homework or2

   Well known.

  Yuan Guoliang and the others later bred the hybrid rice, strictly speaking, the full name is 'the first generation of hybrid rice technology'.

  The yield per mu of this technology is not low, but it is unstable. In the initial planting process, there were actually some bad harvests.

   So improved.

  Yuan Guoliang’s team has successively optimized the second-generation hybrid rice technology, as well as the most advanced .

  Third generation hybrid rice technology.

  The principle of this technology is actually quite simple.

   As Xu Yun said above, the pollen lethal gene and fertility restoration gene were introduced during the breeding process.

   That is, the pollen lethal gene F and the fertility restorer gene R closely linked to F were introduced into the male genic male sterile line rr.

   In this way.

   Then a new fertile maintainer line can be screened, that is, F-R or F-r.

   But this is only a case of probability.

   Actually.

  The F-R type pollen cannot survive due to the pollen lethal gene, so the maintainer line will only produce

  r-type pollen.

   Meanwhile.

  The maintainer line F-R/r is self-crossed and can produce offspring of two different genotypes:

  F-R/r type maintainer line, rr type sterile line.

   Throughout the process.

  The pollen lethal gene will kill the pollen carrying the exogenous fertility gene, so that there will be no transgenic elements in the hybrid offspring.

   That is to directly avoid the tearing of genetically modified foods.

   In other words.

   This is a magical technology that uses the principle of genetically modified technology, but does not actually contain genetically modified genes.

   According to the actual acceptance of later generations.

  This rice breeding technology will make the utilization rate of heterosis resources reach more than 95%, far exceeding the 39.7% of the first generation.

   It can only be said that the rabbits are really talented in farming

  The line of sight returns to reality.

   Right now.

  Hearing Xu Yun's introduction, Hou Guangjiong's heart was already filled with the surprise of discovering a new world.

   Subdivide genes into two types?

   Is this tmd okay?

   But soon.

  Hou Guangjiong restrained the shock a little, thought for a moment, and asked Xu Yun:

   "Comrade Xiao Xiaohan, right?"

   "I have to admit that the theory you mentioned is really attractive, but how can we separate the two genes?"

   "After all, the DNA double helix structure was proposed less than ten years ago. It seems difficult to do this with our current technology, right?"

   "Exactly."

  Xu Yun nodded calmly when he heard the words, and said:

   "The current scientific community does not have a technology that can isolate genes at a fixed point, but we can do it ourselves."

   "A scientist named Ace Yapo appeared in the Fenglingyueying Society back then, and he liked to do some grafting experiments."

   "He once proposed an idea—can the fragments present in the base reaction be sequenced by electrophoresis, and then positioned by polyacrylamide?"

   "If the location of the pollen lethal gene can be analyzed, it can be mediated to the T-DNA of rice through Agrobacterium."

  DNA.

   This thing was discovered very early.

   As early as 1869, it was discovered by a doctor named Friedrich Michel.

  But it didn't really start to be noticed by the biological community and produce results until after World War II.

   For example eight years ago.

  Watson has just discovered the double helix structure of DNA - this process also has a well-known tear in the history of biology, even when Xu Yun traveled through it, it still didn't stop.

  Some groups even brought this into the rhythm of Nobel Prize discrimination against women, thanks to the fact that this is not a Chinese award.

all in all.

  Gene separation, which can be easily accomplished by a college in later generations, is more difficult in this period.

Up to now.

   There is only one substance that has been successfully sequenced.

that is

  Insulin protein.

   Further back. That is, the second tRNA sequenced, it will be 64 years later

   But that's why.

  Basic DNA sequencing positioning is a situation that no one can do in this period, but from the perspective of God, there are actually no obvious barriers to technology.

   In addition, it is not difficult to see according to the paper 10.13271/j.mpb.013.001201.

  The rice pollen lethal gene only needs to determine the bases of 11 lactose inhibitor binding sites.

  This is essentially the same level of technical requirements as the binding end sequencing of bacteriophage lambda DNA 7 years later—in fact, it is even lower.

   That is, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used to determine the size of the fragments present in each base reaction.

  The DNA fragments are then separated by single-base resolution, placing one labeled gel per base on X-ray film.

   In this way.

  Film produces a trapezoidal image.

  Finally, the sequence of the fragment can be read from it, and four markers are raised according to the size, and the sequence of the bases is guessed.

  This technology can still easily meet the standard even at the current domestic technological level.

   True.

   This analysis can take a long time.

  Six months, ten months, one year or even two years are possible—the sequencing of insulin protein took more than one year in that year.

   But don't forget.

   It takes at least two years to cultivate the first and second generations of rice, which means that the two are actually not in conflict.

   It is very likely that the second-generation rice is bred, and the sequencing positioning here will be completed.

   More critically.

  Once the rabbits have tasted the sweetness brought by DNA sequencing.

So

  PCR technology, can it be far behind?

To know.

   This is the most basic and routine experimental method in the field of modern life science research, not even one of them!

  Just as Lifan was divided into Tifa and before Tifa appeared, the segmentation point of gene sequencing is PCR technology.

   It is not an exaggeration to say.

  Its appearance has opened up the upsurge of molecular biology research, opened the post-era of life science research, and brought great convenience to life science research and clinical testing.

  In Xu Yuntrau's later life, there have been three iterations of PCR technology.

  In the first generation of PCR, there are two giants, Roche and ABI, that is, Thermo Fisher.

  The second-generation fluorescent quantitative PCR Bo-Le has emerged as a new force, and the three giants stand together.

  Third-generation digital PCR Bole is leading the way.

  Although there are many domestic manufacturers such as XA Tianlong, HZ Bori, Likang and so on, they are catching up, but the gap is still obvious.

  For example, most microliter tubes for PCR need to be imported, and domestic tubes are used for enzyme digestion.

  In the context of the era of 2023.

   Some foreign manufacturers are already doing tentative neck-blocking moves, and they will give you restrictions when they are not guaranteed.

   Therefore, it is rare to have such an opportunity now

  How do you think Xu Yun let it go?

  Besides, aside from the issue of domestic imports, this is a market worth tens of billions of dollars.

   And at the same time that Xu Yun was outputting **** History's **** again.

  The chemical center in the base.

  Liu Youcheng, who had just finished preparing a bucket of local donkey topping juice, was looking at the recipes in front of him in a daze:

   "Ginger Coke. What the **** is this?"

Note:

I have a question for help. In July, a classmate who I haven’t seen for more than ten years came back from abroad. I planned to invite him to eat barbecue at home, so I bought an M9+ with a lot of money, which costs 700 yuan per catty (so I am very diligent in coding recently, Expensive).

  The texture of the beef is very good, but when I tried roasting it myself, there would be a lot of blood, which caused the taste to be very strange. When I ate it in a Japanese food store, it was worse than this quality. Does anyone know what happened? An electric grill was used.

  (end of this chapter)