Harry Potter Morning Light

Repairing roads is a very thankless task for nobles. He not only has to pay for people, but is also responsible for maintaining law and order. If he fails to catch robbers, he will have to pay for it.

Fortunately, many of the gravel roads in the Middle Ages were rammed with earth. Due to the limitation of road construction technology, coupled with flooding, trampling of horses and rolling by two-wheeled carts, the road surface was often destroyed. In the case of responsibility, of course, you can hide as much as you can, and although the king has the power to punish crimes on the "royal road", he has no mandatory force to maintain the road.

What's more, in 1318, the abbot of Canterbury was punished for "improper behavior" because he collected bridge tolls to build roads. Return to the original condition, or build proper bridges so that people can pass safely. If you don't do anything, you can save a lot of things, so why worry about whether you can go that way?

The nobles don't care, but the city council can't just sit back and watch those roads become impassable due to disrepair. You must know that if there are no roads, business travel will not pass through, and without business travel, there will be no taxation and commerce. Town administrations pay attention to roads. However, it is not allowed to collect tolls from business travelers on the "Royal Avenue" without permission, unless they are authorized by the king.

This is still based on the "Peace of the King" rule. Although this muddy road is located in a local area, the jurisdiction belongs to the king. He can also hand over the power of collecting tolls to the magistrate or the church. Under certain circumstances, if the city council wants to obtain authorization, it needs to send envoys to the capital to communicate.

On the European continent, it is another situation. The nobles will set up checkpoints on their territories to collect tolls and customs duties, which are divided according to regions. For example, the Earl of Champagne does not collect toll taxes, and attracts merchants to trade in the market in his territory, and then collects market taxes to maintain his army's expenses. When the army is not fighting, the task of this army is to protect the passing merchants from arriving safely. market.

When Mary I was crowned, she said, "The state exists for the benefit and well-being of the people and the collective."

The same is true for Queen Victoria. The queen feels that the royal power will be stable only with the support of the people. This may lead to the monarch agreeing that the local council can collect toll taxes, but the fee is very low, and the purpose of road maintenance cannot even be achieved.

At this time, the local administrative agency will buy a part of the land, and use the proceeds of the land to build bridges and roads, especially bridges. Whether the river widens or narrows, it will affect the lives of residents along the coast. Therefore, in the late Middle Ages, A dedicated organization is responsible for this. Sometimes they also received donations from the church. After all, pilgrimage was still very common at that time. After the church donated, the pilgrims did not need to pay taxes.

There is a nursery rhyme, the lyrics are probably "London Bridge is about to collapse, it is about to collapse, my fair lady". London Bridge has been rebuilt several times after thousands of years. It is "customary" to determine who is responsible for the maintenance of the bridge. Among the privileges of nobles and priests in the Middle Ages, the monarch can order that they be exempted from bridge work. This is also a land obligation since the Anglo-Saxon era, and it is a subject obligation in the Norman era. Huntington Bridge in Cambridgeshire was rebuilt on the original site, so the maintenance system has been preserved, which means that children singing "London Bridge is about to collapse" can only watch it collapse.

Now spanning the Thames River, the Tower Bridge next to the Financial City was authorized by the Queen to repair the Financial City. It is currently regarded as a landmark building in London. The bill allowing the City of London to build a bridge was passed by Parliament in 1885, but there were 11 years of petitions before that. The people hoped that public institutions would widen London Bridge or build a new one, and this London Bridge is not close to the financial center. city.

The stone blocks were usually used to repair the city walls, and sometimes the cost of repairing the city walls was used to build bridges, although the king's permission was still required to change the wooden bridge to a stone bridge.

For civilians, stone bridges are stronger, but if it is a wooden bridge, it can be burned in a single fire in case of military operations. London Bridge in the Middle Ages has always been a wooden bridge, not to mention technical and financial constraints - it has been repaired The bridge is not maintained at all.

The London Bridge built at the end of the 18th century is a stone arch bridge. It was the one that the public petitioned to widen. Urban expansion will inevitably bring traffic congestion. However, the widened bridge body makes the bridge foundation unbearable. This new London bridge sinks slowly every year.

What's more, building a bridge is not about children building blocks. Two fulcrums are enough. The bridge still has a part of the land area on the bank, so we can't simply use "the peace of the king" to make the noble hunting garden fall back 200 feet.

"London New Bridge" links the Borough of Southwark and King William Street, and the borough is chartered by the monarch. King William Street looks like a shopping street at present, but it used to be the "Royal Avenue". If the king allows the bridge to be built, but Southwark City does not, then the "London Bridge" cannot be built.

Once the bridge is repaired, a part of Southwark City will become part of the Royal Avenue. The benefits brought by the bridge repair must be obvious. First of all, the land will appreciate. The flow of London Bridge is estimated to be more than sufficient.

So what to do? Is this bridge repaired or not?

The municipality can hold a parliamentary vote, and when most people agree to the revision, the complaints of a small number of people are ignored.

The Tower Bridge of London connects the City of London and the London Borough of Southwark. Peabody traveled all the way from the United States to London not specifically for charity.

Real estate financing was difficult at the time, and a lot of free money was pouring into the railroads. In 1866, Parliament passed a law agreeing to finance workers' housing problems, followed by a law in 1868 enabling local governments to demolish unsanitary or uninhabitable dwellings "without paying the landlord anything." Compensation", but local governments are not allowed to rebuild on the spot after demolition, they can only wait for the housing companies that have obtained the charter to repair "model houses".

Peabody wasn't like Malfoy, he didn't own the Wiltshire land; and Malfoy wasn't as eloquent as Peabody. Due to Robert Peel's tax reform, Malfoy dismantled and sold part of the Wiltshire land, and there were taxes and fees for the sale, but the brokers in the City of London had ways to help him deal with this fee.

Later he dumped the brokers in the City of London and opened his own bank. Peabody uses trust companies to continuously build new housing in London, and has now become the largest rental company in London.

"Rivals" are not like children. When they meet on the road, they will inevitably provoke and cause trouble for the other party.

As long as Peabody returned to the United States, his "rheumatism" would be cured. The problem was that Peabody refused to leave London.

There is a line in the Hogwarts school song, "Whether it is an old man with a bald head or a young man with a scar on his knee, we all need something interesting in our heads."

I slipped and fell on the muddy road. If I was unlucky, I would be injured, but I still had to get up when I fell down and continue to push the wheels forward.

And one day, you will suddenly find that you have the power to protect others, or to hurt others, just like Pomona is now, although she remembers that when she first entered school, Hagrid was already holding a lamp, at the Hogsmeade station Wait for them, and then lead them to the school by boat.

Of course, there is also the "Dolores" opposite, but she probably doesn't remember what happened when she was a freshman.

Her eyes gleamed in the dark like some kind of hound, not as docile as Fang.

"you……"

"What are you doing here?"

Just when Dolores was about to speak, someone suddenly spoke.

All eyes turned to him, and Albus Dumbledore actually appeared.

"You came just in time, Headmaster." Dolores ignored Pomona, and smiled at Dumbledore falsely. "Come and judge."

Pomona didn't think she really meant Dumbledore to do justice, but...

She looked at Dumbledore in front of her. He didn't wear a wizard hat as usual, as if he had forgotten, but why did she feel so strange?