1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 543 The True Explanation of Uncertainty! It Cannot Be Measured Accurately! Subverting Determinism! Shocking the Audience!

Heisenberg had a sudden idea and proposed his own understanding of uncertainty.

He believed that the act of measurement itself affected the position and momentum of the electron.

This view won the approval of most people present.

However, he was denied by Professor Bruce.

Heisenberg's eyes widened in astonishment. He even couldn't believe his ears.

How could such a logically rigorous explanation be wrong?
After being refuted in public by Professor Bruce, his old habit came back.

Become sensitive, lost, and face turns red.

Afraid that I was really wrong, I answered confidently in front of so many people, but ended up making a fool of myself.

Finally, he summoned up all his courage and couldn't help asking:

"Professor Bruce, where did I go wrong?"

At this moment, everyone was very curious.

No one thinks there is anything wrong with Heisenberg's views, and it is easy to understand.

But since Professor Bruce was wrong, he would definitely not be making a pointless statement.

Under everyone's expectation, Li Qiwei said:
"Heisenberg said that because of the impact of gamma rays on electrons, we cannot accurately determine the momentum of electrons."

"However, there is a problem here."

"If we could know at what angle the gamma ray is reflected after it hits us."

"Then based on the Wu-Compton effect, we can indirectly calculate the change in momentum of the electron."

"This allows us to measure both the position and momentum of the electron at the same time."

hiss!
Everyone was shocked!
This rebuttal is so sharp!

"Yeah, why didn't I think of that."

"Professor Bruce's method can measure accurately at the same time."

Heisenberg couldn't help but tremble when he heard this.

In front of Professor Bruce, the views he was so proud of seemed so fragile that they could not stand up to scrutiny.

At this time, someone suddenly asked boldly:

"Professor Bruce, since Heisenberg's explanation is wrong, what is right?"

Li Qiwei smiled slightly, but his next words surprised everyone.

He looked at Heisenberg with a look of satisfaction on his face and continued:

"Heisenberg's idea was not wrong."

"I haven't finished explaining yet."

"Because my method doesn't work at all!"

"And this is the real reason why it is impossible to accurately measure both the position and momentum of an electron at the same time!"

Wow!
At this moment, everyone was completely stunned!

what's going on?
Professor Bruce just denied Heisenberg, and now he denies himself?

Wilson said quickly:

"Wait, Bruce, let me take this in for a minute."

"First, Heisenberg believed that the uncertainty was due to the fact that the measurement itself disturbed the state of the electron, and that this state was inevitable."

"For example, if you measure the position of the electron first, the momentum of the electron will change due to the collision with the gamma ray, and the measurement will be inaccurate."

"But, Bruce, you proposed that if we know the reflection of the gamma rays, we can actually calculate the change in the momentum of the electron, and thus accurately calculate the momentum of the electron at the same time."

“And yet, now you’re saying that [knowing the reflection of gamma rays] is not feasible.”

"This is the real cause of uncertainty, not the interference factor of the measurement behavior proposed by Heisenberg."

"Is that the logic, Bruce?"

After hearing this, Li Qiwei was extremely surprised. When did my brother Wei become so awesome?

Wilson's analysis was very accurate.

"Yes."

Most people's minds are already confused now.

However, for Heisenberg, Pauli, Dirac and others, it was a piece of cake.

They waited for Professor Bruce's next words.

At this time, Li Qiwei simply drew pictures on the blackboard while talking.

“As shown in the picture.”

“Why is it not possible to [know the reflection of gamma rays]?”

"Because everyone should not forget the premise of the thought experiment: the position of the electron must be accurately measured first!"

"In order to see where the electrons are, you have to focus all the gamma rays that are reflected and then form an image."

“I think this is understandable.”

"If there is even a tiny bit less gamma rays in one direction, it will not accurately show the electron's position."

"But once it's focused, it changes the original direction of the gamma rays after reflection."

“So, we [can’t] know [the reflection of gamma rays].”

"Of course, we can't calculate the exact momentum of the electron at this moment."

"Similarly, suppose we first accurately measure the momentum information of the electron and then determine its position information."

"Then we cannot focus the reflected gamma rays, but instead retain their original direction, so that we can accurately calculate the momentum of the electron based on the Wu-Compton effect."

"But at this time, because we can't focus, we can't accurately know the position of the electron."

"The above analysis is the fundamental reason why it is impossible to accurately measure the position and momentum of an electron at the same time."

“The concept of uncertainty proposed by Heisenberg is very misleading.”

"It makes people think that x·p≥h/4π has something to do with the measuring instrument itself."

"It is the interference of the measuring instrument that causes us to measure inaccurately."

“But it doesn’t matter at all!”

"This uncertain behavior of electrons does not depend on anything external; it is an intrinsic property."

"No matter how sophisticated the instrument is, it is fundamentally impossible to accurately measure the position and momentum of an electron at the same time."

"So, instead of uncertainty, I prefer to call it the [uncertainty principle]!"

"The bottom line is that the uncertainty is not due to the inability to measure accurately, but rather to the interference of the electrons by the act of measuring."

quiet!
Deathly silence!

After Li Qiwei finished speaking, everyone stared at the diagram on the blackboard in amazement.

Things like gamma rays and reflection have confused many people.

"Can anyone tell me what's going on?"

“Why can’t we increase the accuracy of the instrument and minimize the interference?”

"How can it be that the momentum and displacement of an object are essentially unmeasurable?"

"This is incredible!"

"."

For Wilson and others, they barely understood it.

But precisely because I understood it, I was so shocked!
This completely destroyed their previous cognition.

Wilson murmured in reply:

“First of all, two key words should be emphasized: simultaneous and precise.”

"If it's not simultaneous but intervals of time, or if it's not precise but fuzzy measurements, then it can be done."

“But if you want both [simultaneous measurement] and [accurate measurement], then that’s impossible.”

“Because no matter how high the precision of the instrument is, when the gamma ray hits the electron, it is reflected.”

"If you don't change the direction of the reflected gamma rays, you can't accurately measure the position information." "Please note that at this moment, you can measure the position, but it will not be accurate."

"Similarly, if you change the direction of the reflected gamma ray, you can accurately measure the position, but you can't accurately measure the momentum."

"At the same moment, you can only choose one of these two behaviors, but they cannot happen at the same time."

hiss!
Wilson's explanation gave many people a sudden enlightenment.

Although there were still some students present, there were no fools doing research at Cavendish.

After such a thorough and easy-to-understand analysis, everyone understood it.

But then, everyone was even more shocked!
"In this case, doesn't the uncertainty principle overturn the determinism of the world?"

Wow!
An inexplicable chill enveloped the room.

Decisiveness broken?
What a terrible thing.

Ever since Newton constructed the framework of classical mechanics, humans have mastered the magical ability that can be called "prophecy".

As long as you know all the motion parameters of the car, you can calculate its motion state at all times based on mechanics and motion formulas.

Including but not limited to displacement, momentum, etc.

In the eyes of lower creatures such as ants, it is not an exaggeration to say that this method of human beings is a prophetic ability.

The final development form of this ability is the famous "Laplacemon" among the four great physical beasts.

Laplacemon knows all the parameters of all the atoms in the universe.

So, based on the equations, it can calculate the future of the universe!

That is: our universe is deterministic!

The speed and position of an object at the previous moment determine the speed and position of the object at the next moment.

This mechanical view of the universe has dominated the physics community for a long time.

Many people present knew that although Professor Bruce had previously challenged this view of the universe using electron probability transitions.

But he did not convince the crowd.

But now, things are different!
With the in-depth development of quantum mechanics, various strange theories and experiments emerged, producing some phenomena that are very different from the macroscopic world.

Probability waves subvert causality, and the uncertainty principle subverts determinism.

The two together shatter the mechanical view of space and time in classical physics!

Not only is the behavior of an electron appearing somewhere probabilistic, even its displacement and speed when it appears cannot be measured accurately!
This shows that our universe is in chaos!
Wow!
This is so scary!
Thinking hard!
The emergence of the uncertainty principle has brought an impact on everyone that is simply unimaginable.

However, Heisenberg, Pauli, Dirac and other geniuses have a much stronger ability to accept things!
Pauli's heart began to waver.

When he first saw the formula, he was strongly opposed.

Because the uncertainty principle violates common sense.

Therefore, even facing the authority of the number one person in the world, Pauli was not afraid at all.

But after listening to Professor Bruce's rigorous analysis, Pauli suddenly found that he seemed to be convinced.

This is a bit embarrassing.

He felt as if that were the case.

Matrix mechanics has been verified by multiple experiments and theories, and its correctness is beyond doubt.

The uncertainty principle derived from it is naturally correct.

In particular, Professor Bruce provided an impeccable logical analysis.

Pauli was convinced.

"Professor Bruce, I agree with your explanation."

"Heisenberg's answer does have problems."

Wow!
Everyone was shocked!
Pauli, who had just strongly opposed it, immediately changed his stance.

Professor Bruce’s strength is indeed terrifying.

Pauli was very thick-skinned and didn't care about it.

As for crushing decisiveness, it was not difficult for him to accept.

Ever since he was born, all he had heard were stories about Professor Bruce breaking traditions.

“If Professor Bruce doesn’t turn the world upside down, is he still Professor Bruce?”

At this moment, Heisenberg's expression was the strangest.

Faced with the denial of his senior brother Pauli, he was not more disappointed. Instead, he was smiling and looked excited.

He was completely different from his performance just now.

"Because the uncertainty principle is derived from my matrix mechanics!"

The moment Heisenberg heard Professor Bruce's explanation, he knew he was wrong.

The next second, he fully supported Professor Bruce's point of view.

Without any hesitation!
After listening to everyone's discussion of how the uncertainty principle shattered the mechanical view of the universe, Heisenberg became even more excited.

"You guys keep saying that wave mechanics is useful, and you even derive a shocking theory like probability waves."

"Now, my matrix mechanics aren't weak at all!"

"The uncertainty principle will be another important basic theory of quantum mechanics."

"Its status is no less than that of the probability wave!"

"Schrödinger, why should I avoid his edge!"

Heisenberg perked up again.

In the hands of Professor Bruce, his matrix mechanics was transformed into something magical, shining brightly and shocking the world!
This fully demonstrates that there is no good theory, only bad people.

Then, Heisenberg said with a humble and respectful expression, smiling and flattering:
"Professor, there is no doubt that your explanation is the essence of uncertainty."

"This is another typical feature that distinguishes quantum mechanics from classical physics!"

Li Qiwei smiled slightly when he heard this.

Everyone in the world might be against him except Heisenberg.

This guy only opposes views that are not in his favor.

Rutherford felt mixed emotions as he watched everyone discussing the issue in shock or excitement.

The emergence of quantum mechanics made experimental masters like him very embarrassed.

Because many results of this theory are difficult or impossible to verify through experiments.

In other words, experimental physicists currently have little to no role to play in the establishment of quantum mechanics.

Both matrix mechanics and wave mechanics are purely theoretical products.

This made Rutherford feel frustrated!

He didn't want to limit himself to atomics, he also wanted to get involved in quantum mechanics.

“How happy would it be if we could prove probability waves and the uncertainty principle through experiments?”

Then he gave another bitter smile.

"How is this possible?"

“The uncertainty principle has even ruled out the role of the instrument itself, so how can it be verified?”

However, Rutherford never expected that what he thought was impossible would soon be accomplished by a young man.

Although the other party, like Davidson, also hit upon the mark by accident, he ultimately proved the probability wave and uncertainty principle, shocking the academic community!

At this moment, everyone was digesting the shocking theory proposed by Professor Bruce.

They are very curious about what kind of sensation will occur in the physics community after today.

But at this moment, a voice suddenly sounded again:

"Professor, I think your explanation is slightly wrong."

Wow!
Everyone was shocked!

Which warrior is this?

(End of this chapter)