1900: A physics genius wandering around Europe

Chapter 542 Destroys the world view again! Shocks everyone! Uncertain explanation? "No, you are wrong!"

When Li Qiwei spent nearly two hours to complete the derivation, everyone was stunned.

Most people have no idea what the final formula means.

But they could understand that even with Professor Bruce's extraordinary wisdom, it was so difficult.

"This formula must be extraordinary!"

suddenly!

The voices of Pauli, Heisenberg, and Dirac sounded at the same time.

"Impossible!" Pauli questioned with absolute certainty.

"Impossible?" Heisenberg was torn, feeling both happy and worried.

"Impossible," Dirac muttered to himself, thoughtfully.

But at the first moment, they could hardly believe their eyes, nor could they believe the shocking meaning expressed by the formula.

That's horrifying!
At this moment, the rest of the people were attracted by the reactions of these three people.

Everyone didn't know why.

"What is so magical about this formula derived by Professor Bruce?"

"It actually made three peerless geniuses so excited!"

When Wilson saw this scene, his curiosity reached its peak.

He quickly asked:
"Bruce, what's going on?"

Ridgway looked at Wilson, then at Pauli, smiled slightly, and said:

"Oh?"

"Pauli, tell me why it's impossible."

Pauli finally recovered from his shock.

Faced with the powerful pressure from Professor Bruce, he could not be as brave and invincible as he had just been in the debate with Irena and others.

He took one last look at the formula and said:

"Professor Wilson, do you know what this formula Professor Bruce wrote means?"

Wilson shook his head outwardly, but inwardly he was complaining wildly: "Hurry up and speak, little fatty!"

Among so many people present, only the brave Pauli dared to refute Professor Bruce immediately.

Although Professor Thompson just encouraged everyone not to be afraid of authority and to dare to break authority.

But there is a prerequisite: you are a strong person!
And Pauli was undoubtedly such a person.

Even when facing Professor Bruce, he dared to draw his sword!

Although in the end he was always the one who was stabbed all over and never won.

Pauli raised his voice and said in a shocking voice:

"x·p ≥ h/4π."

"In the formula, x represents the change in displacement of the electron, and p represents the change in momentum of the electron."

"It shows that the product of the uncertainty in the electron's position and its momentum must be greater than a constant, h/4π."

"This means that it is impossible to [accurately] measure the position and momentum of an electron [simultaneously]."

"In other words, the position and momentum information of the electron is uncertain!"

"Think about it, isn't this incredible?"

hiss!
There was a sound of people gasping in shock in the conference hall.

Pauli's words were no less than an 18-magnitude earthquake.

Everyone just felt their scalps tingling and were terrified!

"How can this be?"

"How come the displacement and momentum of an electron cannot be precisely measured simultaneously?"

"Displacement and momentum are the simplest mechanical quantities. Why do we measure them?"

"impossible!"

The conference room instantly went crazy!

Everyone was talking about it, with shocked expressions on their faces.

This statement is really unbelievable!

Even worse than probability waves!

No wonder Pauli was so excited.

In classical mechanics, the momentum and displacement of a system can be easily measured.

For example, if we know the speed and driving time of a car with known mass, we can calculate all its subsequent states, including momentum and displacement.

That's what Cockcroft was thinking just now.

Even if we take the theory of relativity into consideration, it is only a matter of accuracy that the value from 1500 meters to 1523.23 meters.

But in essence, it is possible to [simultaneously] [accurately] measure the displacement and speed information of a car.

And now, the formula derived by Professor Bruce breaks all this!
According to the formula, it is impossible to calculate the momentum and displacement of the car.

Assuming that the car stops at 1500 meters, then the speed of the car cannot be measured at this time. (Momentum = speed × mass)

And if we first calculate that the speed of the car is 30km/h, then we cannot calculate that the car has reached 1500 meters, it is possible that it has reached 2500 meters.

It's just so unbelievable, like a fairy tale!

How is it possible that displacement and momentum affect each other?

They are two independent physical quantities!
For a moment, no one dared to believe it.

After Pauli finished speaking, his heart was still in turmoil.

Although he was a die-hard fan of matrix mechanics, he could not accept Professor Bruce's derivation.

That's incredible!
Just like a probability wave, it overturned his three views.

In real history, Pauli did not fully recognize the Copenhagen School at the beginning.

Instead, after several in-depth exchanges with Bohr, he was convinced by Bohr and joined the latter's camp.

The famous Pauli was a person who dared to challenge and question everything.

Only absolutely powerful strength and wisdom can conquer him.

At this moment, Pauli needed an explanation from Professor Bruce.

After hearing this, Wilson was stunned.

He couldn't imagine his ears.

"It is impossible to measure the position and momentum of an electron?"

"Are you sure you're talking about the physics of our universe?"

"This"

If the probability wave is shocking, at least there is a reason for it.

After all, that is a concept in quantum mechanics and the microscopic world.

Anyway, there is no corresponding thing in the macroscopic world.

But measuring displacement and momentum is completely different!
This is the most classic physical quantity in classical mechanics!
Middle school students all know how to calculate.

but now
Bruce is ready to smash it all again!
A gleam of light suddenly flashed in Wilson's eyes, replacing the original confusion.

"I choose to believe Bruce again!"

"He got the idea from my cloud chamber."

"To believe in him is to believe in myself!"

Rutherford was shocked when he understood what was written on the blackboard.

Following the probability wave, Bruce proposed another fantastic theory.

Perhaps this will once again change physicists' understanding of quantum mechanics.

He suddenly felt that today's 50th anniversary seemed to have some kind of magic that made Cavendish shine.

First, Cockcroft's particle accelerator made a major breakthrough.

Next was Thomson Jr.'s demonstration of matter waves.

Finally, Bruce came up with such an incredible theory.

It seems that these achievements are all celebrating Cavendish's birthday.

Rutherford had a strong hunch.

"This theory will definitely bring incredible changes!"

Heisenberg's mood was the most complicated.

The moment he saw the formula, he was immediately overjoyed.

If this conclusion is correct, it means that his matrix mechanics still has great potential. "Everyone in the world studies wave mechanics, but few people know that matrix mechanics is the treasure!"

But then, he felt a little scared.

Professor Bruce’s theory is really too scary!
Once again, classical mechanics was overturned.

I don’t know how many times Professor Bruce has subverted this.

But this time the content is indeed a bit exaggerated.

Is it impossible to measure the position and momentum of an electron at the same time?

Any physicist who hears this would probably think the person who proposed it is crazy.

But if the person who proposed it was Professor Bruce.

Then the whole world might be crazy.

Soon, everyone turned their attention to the blackboard.

At this moment, in everyone's eyes, Professor Bruce was like being in the starry sky.

Around him, truth manifested itself in various symbols, swirling and flowing.

Ridgeway spoke up.

"Yes."

"Pauli's understanding was correct."

"The formula I just derived shows that it is impossible to accurately calculate the position and momentum of an electron at the same time."

Wow!
Everyone was shocked when they heard this.

Professor Bruce actually admitted it!

Such a fantastic theory has to be taken seriously by everyone because of Professor Bruce.

No one can guarantee that it is wrong!

Although Pauli opposed it, it doesn't mean he was right.

At this time, Li Qiwei continued:

"According to this principle, the more accurately we calculate the electron's position information, the less accurate its momentum information will be."

"Moreover, it is precisely because of this formula that displacement x and momentum p do not satisfy the commutative law of multiplication in matrix mechanics."

"This is a law theoretically derived from matrix mechanics!"

"If it's wrong, then Matrix Mechanics is wrong too!"

Wow!
Heisenberg suddenly looked up, his eyes staring fiercely.

Fortunately, the person who just opposed it was Pauli, and Schrödinger did not come.

Otherwise, I'm afraid the two of them would start fighting.

At this moment, he no longer hesitated, but firmly supported the uncertainty principle!
"My matrix mechanics can't be wrong!"

Heisenberg looked serious. He thought for a while and said:
"Professor, this is how I understand the uncertainty principle. Do you think it is correct?"

"Let's do a thought experiment."

"If we want to know where the electron is right now, we need to measure it."

"Because electrons are so tiny, they cannot be seen with a normal microscope."

"We need a microscope with higher precision."

"The working principle of a microscope is actually to utilize the reflection phenomenon of light."

"When light hits the surface of the target object, it is reflected. The reflected light is focused by the microscope lens and appears in the human eye."

"So, we observed the information of the target object."

"According to theory, the shorter the wavelength of light, the finer the structure that can be seen under a microscope."

"And the wavelength of gamma rays is about the same order of magnitude as that of electrons."

"So, let's say we now have a gamma-ray microscope that can directly observe electrons."

"The experiment begins."

"If we want to know the position of the electron first, we need gamma rays to irradiate the electron."

"Then we can find out the electron's position by observing the reflected gamma rays."

"But when the gamma ray hits the electron, it collides with the electron first."

"After the collision, the kinetic energy of the electron must have changed."

"And a change in kinetic energy means that the momentum of the electron will also change."

"So, although we know the electron's position precisely, its momentum is changed by the collision with the gamma ray and cannot be measured."

"Similarly, if we want to calculate the momentum of the electron first, we need to reduce the energy of the gamma rays to a minimum."

"This way, when a gamma ray hits an electron, it has almost no effect on the electron's momentum."

"But in this case, the reflected gamma rays, because of insufficient energy, cannot provide precise information about the electron's position, only a vague position."

(It's like the light is too dim and you can't see clearly, same idea)
"To sum up, if we want to measure the exact position of an electron, then its momentum is inaccurate."

"If we want to measure the exact momentum of the electron, then its position is not exact."

"Because our [measurement behavior itself, will interfere with the electron], we cannot accurately measure the position and momentum of the electron."

“This is my understanding of x·p≥h/4π.”

Wow!
Heisenberg's uncertainty interpretation simply dropped everyone's jaw.

Can it be explained this way?

This idea is so innovative!

He is indeed the genius who proposed matrix mechanics.

My brain is just different from others.

In this way, Professor Bruce's formula is easier to understand.

Everyone was talking about it.

"I think Heisenberg's explanation makes perfect sense."

"Microscopic particles like electrons are so small that it is very difficult to measure them."

"It's like I have a few particles of dust in my hand and I want to measure their weight, so I have to put them on the instrument first."

"But when I was walking and operating, the dust might have floated away by itself because it was too small, causing errors in the measurement."

“That’s what we call uncertainty.”

"Because whenever you measure an object, you are bound to affect and disturb its state."

At this time, everyone couldn't help but sigh:
"But Professor Bruce is really too strong!"

"He was able to quantify the impact of this interference and even give a minimum value."

"That's awesome!"

However, Pauli frowned.

Because it was Heisenberg, he did not refute it immediately.

Instead, think carefully about the other party's analysis.

There is no doubt that Heisenberg agreed with Professor Bruce's theory and gave his own interpretation.

According to Heisenberg's theory, the so-called inability to measure accurately at the same time is caused by the measurement behavior itself.

"If Heisenberg's explanation is correct, then Professor Bruce's formula doesn't seem so difficult to accept."

"It's just that I always feel there's something wrong with this explanation."

“But I don’t know what the problem is.”

Pauli fell into deep thought instead.

At this moment, Heisenberg was listening to everyone's discussion and felt very proud.

Although Senior Brother Pauli questioned Professor Bruce, it doesn't matter.

Heisenberg believed that his logic was impeccable and that he would be able to convince the other party to accept the uncertainty interpretation.

He looked towards Professor Bruce, hoping to get imaginary recognition and approval.

However, he was disappointed.

After listening to Heisenberg's explanation, Li Qiwei smiled slightly.

To everyone, this clearly meant relief and satisfaction.

Heisenberg's explanation gave Professor Bruce's theory full physical meaning and greatly improved its correctness.

However, Li Qiwei's next words shocked and unbelievable everyone.

"No, Heisenberg, your explanation is wrong!"

boom!
The whole audience was stunned!

Does anyone know where Heisenberg went wrong?
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(End of this chapter)