Voyage of the Stars

In the history of human scientific development, there are many studies on black holes, and there are also many studies on black hole photon balls. After all, the reason why black holes are called black holes is that their gravity is so strong that it can even capture light, which is why they are difficult to observe in the starry sky.

The study of black holes is inseparable from photons, or most of the physical research in the universe is related to light.

Black holes show three physical properties: mass, charge, and angular momentum.

And now this black hole is obviously formed by the explosion of ancient stars and then merged. In the past years, it has swallowed up all the nearby dust and even the accretion disk. Such black holes become larger because they swallow matter, and they will also show neutral charge because the matter is electrically neutral.

Therefore, if it is studied through direct observation, it can only be studied through the two parameters of mass and angular momentum, but its influence on other objects around it is also one of the ways to study it, such as its photon ball.

The photon ball of a black hole is the photons that are trapped by the black hole's powerful gravitational force and cannot escape temporarily. They are like a layer of light shell attached to the black hole, making the black hole look like a magical light ball that can be seen directly from the front at a close distance.

And the thickness of this light shell has long been calculated by humans through the principles of general relativity, which is 0.5 times the radius of the black hole. The Schwarzschild radius of a black hole is the radius of the sphere formed by the event horizon of the black hole. In other words, the so-called thickness of the photon ball is from the event horizon of the black hole to 1.5 times the Schwarzschild radius of the black hole.

So, what does it mean that humans discovered through the perspective of tachyon detection that the dark radius of the black hole suddenly expanded from the original to 1.5 times the radius? The outermost edge of the photon ball to the black hole singularity is also 1.5 times the black hole radius. Both are 1.5 times the radius. Is it a coincidence? Or is there another reason?

On this issue, scientists clearly told everyone that this is not a coincidence.

The explanation of this matter has to start with human research on the black hole photon ball. Scientists calculated a certain black hole solution in general relativity and found that the black hole gravity received by photons on the photon sphere is exactly equal to the centrifugal force generated by them orbiting the black hole, and the direction is opposite.

Well, there is nothing abnormal about this, and it conforms to normal human logical thinking.

The centrifugal force of photons outside the photon sphere is greater than the gravitational force of the black hole. The photon moves at a fast speed and reaches the speed of light, so the photon cannot be restrained here. The faster the speed, the greater the centrifugal force. This is also normal and logical.

But the solution inside the photon sphere is unexpected and does not conform to normal human logical thinking, because the direction of the centrifugal force of photons in the photon sphere has reversed, and the centrifugal force will become negative, pointing to the black hole. That is, the faster the photon moves in the photon sphere, the greater the traction it receives from the black hole, which is very counterintuitive.

However, no matter how fast the photon speed is, it is still the speed of light, because they are light, so the faster the photon speed is, the greater the negative centrifugal force it receives seems to be a nonsense.

In fact, it is not the case, because in general relativity, this centrifugal force reversal to negative only applies to particles with zero mass, that is, photons. Once other particles with positive mass enter the photon sphere, they will fall directly into the black hole and cannot run stably in the photon sphere at all. This is why the photon sphere is called the photon sphere instead of the accretion disk.

So, since the faster the speed of the photons in the photon sphere is, the greater the negative centrifugal force it receives, and the centrifugal force received by the photons on the photon sphere is positive and equal to the gravitational force received by the black hole, so the speed of the photons in the photon sphere is slower or faster than that of the photons on the photon sphere? Which one of them is the speed of light?

In this case, should we change the definition of their speed to a faster speed of light and a slower speed of light? If so, which one is the real speed of light, can the speed of light be changed?

Or are their speeds still the same?

According to the calculation results that the centrifugal force on zero-mass particles such as photons in the photon sphere is negative, and the faster the speed, the greater the negative centrifugal force, they should have fallen into the black hole long ago. How can they still run stably in the photon sphere? After all, there is no positive centrifugal force. The negative centrifugal force and the gravity of the black hole on them both point to the black hole singularity. The forces all point in one direction, so they should not have the so-called stable running area, and there is no photon sphere.

But the facts of the universe tell humans that the photon sphere does exist, that is, photons can still run stably counterintuitively under the condition of negative centrifugal force.

It is impossible that the universe is wrong, and it must be that human beings’ own theories are wrong? Or is it that human beings’ theories are also correct, but they just do not conform to human normal logical thinking?

If it is the latter, then the question is back again, how can photons run stably? The closer the photons are to the event horizon, the faster or slower the speed of photons should be? They are all the speed of light, but there is a difference between fast and slow. Has the speed of light really changed?

Obviously, as long as the calculation result is recognized, the speed of light will not change, because it is the result obtained from the general theory of relativity, and the premise of the theory of relativity is that the speed of light is constant.

The speed of light in a vacuum remains the same for all observers, regardless of the observer's speed of movement. This is the famous principle of the constancy of the speed of light.

Therefore, the speed of light observed by humans should be consistent, and there is no such thing as a faster or slower speed of light.

So what physical phenomena happened in the photon ball that caused such contradictions in the phenomena observed by humans? !

The answer given by human scientists is that the speed of light does not change, but this space-time has changed.

As for why tachyon detection can get such results, it is because tachyons are also subject to negative centrifugal force here, and because the faster the speed, the greater the negative centrifugal force, so superluminal tachyons cannot get out after entering this range, so humans see in the feedback that the radius of the "black" representing the black hole becomes larger, and it is the same as the radius of the photon ball.

This can explain the phenomenon of black holes becoming larger in tachyon detection methods.

If this conclusion is correct, then human scientists can determine that certain physical properties of tachyons in certain special environments have the same properties as photons.

Coincidentally, this conclusion is completely consistent with the process of humans obtaining tachyons. After all, humans obtained tachyons from astronomical particle collision experiments, and particle collisions are the interaction of the four fundamental forces. Tachyons are the result of their interaction, and now they are somewhat related to photons, that is, they are related to electromagnetic force.

Does that mean that humans can start to study tachyon technology from this direction in the future? This is obviously worth a try. I believe that the scientists who participated in this black hole exploration are already planning their own research direction after the exploration is completed.

Maybe if we continue to study in this direction, we can find the type of tachyons that can be used for weapons as predicted by tachyon theory.

As for the reason why the centrifugal force of photons reverses its direction in the opposite logic within the boundary of the photon sphere, that is another branch of scientific research.