Voyage of the Stars

While some scientists from the School of Life Sciences were digging deeper into the new discoveries of thought imprinting technology, other scientific teams were also working on other aspects.

As we all know, the symbol of Level 4 civilization is the Grand Unified Theory, which is the theoretical basis of gravitational potential well technology. With gravitational potential well technology, humans can store antimatter on a large scale.

So where does the so-called large-scale antimatter come from?

It must be made by humans themselves. It can't just appear out of thin air for humans.

So after the realization of the Grand Unified Theory, some scientists and engineers of humans are committed to the production and manufacturing of antimatter.

So how should antimatter be made?

The method of making antimatter is not to just write on a sack with a big hand: a bag of antimatter, and then you can immediately produce a sack of antimatter. No.

Humans said that we don't know this method, so we can only do it step by step.

Everyone knows the composition of matter. Atoms are the basic particles that make up matter. Atoms are composed of atomic nuclei and extranuclear electrons, and the atomic nuclei are composed of protons and neutrons.

The concept of antimatter has existed since the Earth era, and humans also have corresponding process procedures for producing charged particles such as positrons and antiprotons. Positron cannons are a sign that humans have the ability to produce a large number of positrons.

So electrically neutral antimatter can also be produced according to this idea.

This method is called gamma ray bombardment by humans.

First, human engineers need to build a gamma particle flow generator. Gamma particle flow is produced by the process of radioactive atomic nuclei at high energy levels transitioning to low energy levels after α decay and β decay. Generally speaking, a nuclear explosion itself is a gamma ray light source.

This is not difficult for humans with mature controlled nuclear fusion and fission technology.

The gamma particle flow generator is the first and key step in making antimatter. Because after obtaining the completed gamma particle flow generator, humans can separate positive and negative electrons through various scientific and technological means.

The principle is that heavy elements have abnormal absorption of gamma rays, accompanied by energy release, and this energy release is the light radiation produced by the annihilation of positive and negative electrons, so human engineers can add a magnetic field confinement in this process to separate positive and negative electrons.

The next step is the second step. Human engineers need to add a magnetic confinement device to the environment where positrons are produced by gamma ray bombardment. Then make a proton synchronous phase accelerator. The purpose of this accelerator is to accelerate protons to a sufficient energy level and then bombard them on a copper target. At this time, various mixed particle objects such as antiprotons, protons, neutrons and various mesons will be produced.

Then human engineers also need to make a star-shaped magnetic confinement separator and connect it to the previous link. The function of the star-shaped magnetic confinement separator is to separate antiprotons from these particles. In theory, about 30,000 particles can produce an antiproton.

Antiprotons can now be produced.

Then the third step, because antiprotons are negatively charged, the same counter method is used to accelerate antiprotons with a particle accelerator, allowing them to bombard protons. During this high-energy bombardment, neutrons and antineutrons will be produced and then separated.

Finally, these devices are assembled, and the separation path of antiprotons and antineutrons is allowed to enter the same magnetic confinement storage, and they will form anti-nuclei. After the positrons are produced, they are then introduced into it synchronously with the first two.

These mixed antiparticles will be like particles in real life. In the special environment of human creation, through various interactions in nature, such as strong interactions, antiprotons and antineutrons will be firmly bonded together to become anti-nuclei, and positrons will also enter the outside of the nucleus according to the law of the charge Coulomb formula due to the action of electromagnetic force and become extranuclear electrons.

At this point, human civilization can create an anti-atom, yes, just an anti-atom.

Since the first anti-atom has been created, as long as this method is used to continue to create, as more and more atoms are produced, they will form molecules and macromolecules under various interactions. So human civilization can get anti-molecules composed of anti-atoms.

Antimolecules finally aggregate together to form antimatter.

Antimatter produced by this method is generally hydrogen molecules. A large number of hydrogen molecules gather together to form hydrogen, and humans will get a lot of antihydrogen. Of course, the formation conditions are not so easy to control, so antihelium may also be produced in this process.

But whether it is antihydrogen or antihelium, or the formation of other elements to form other macromolecules, they are all antimatter needed by humans, and they will annihilate with normal matter.

It is harmless.

After these antimatter are prepared, they will be stored in a gravitational potential well confinement container. They will be compressed into high-density hydrogen or helium, floating quietly in the container without any contact with the container wall. Because once they come into contact with anything in the material world where humans live, a positive and antimatter annihilation reaction will occur, and then there will be a mass-energy equation. An ocean of energy!

From this, it can be seen that antimatter is not an energy source, but a highly efficient energy, because its preparation requires more energy. Why does it take more energy to produce it? Because of the second law of thermodynamics.

It is impossible to transfer heat from a low-temperature object to a high-temperature object without causing other changes.

The entropy of an isolated system can never decrease automatically. Entropy does not change in a reversible process, but increases in an irreversible process.

The increase in entropy predicts the heat death of the universe.

The production process of antimatter naturally cannot escape the clutches of the second law. Its application is also the process of gathering it with energy and releasing it. It's just that compared with other forms of energy, antimatter has a higher energy level and a higher energy density.

But since it's so hard, why do we need to create antimatter? It's like asking why we can use dozens of tons of wood to make a fire and illuminate your beauty in the dark night, why do we have to work hard to make a battery as the lighting energy of a small light bulb. No one is willing to carry dozens of tons of wood around in the dark, but there are people running around with a flashlight everywhere.

So this is a kind of efficient energy. Human civilization needs it, and the fourth-level civilization needs it to truly drive the warp engine.

Humans need to build an antimatter factory, and then use the matter in the universe as energy to continuously produce antimatter for themselves, and use it as fuel for various new creations, new warships, and new spacecraft.

Such a great deal of trouble is just to obtain more antimatter. It is conceivable that the materials needed by the fourth-level civilization are not the same as those of the third-level civilization. It is even foreseeable that the fourth-level civilization can hollow out a planet's rock and burn it with heavy nuclear fusion technology, and then convert it into a new energy form of antimatter.

Antimatter factories must be built and construction must begin immediately, because humans now have a huge demand for antimatter. All future warp engines will use it, and all new warships and new spacecraft will need it as fuel.

This is the gap of the entire civilization, which is inevitable after upgrading to a fourth-level civilization.