The Great Ming Dynasty Dominate Overseas

The so-called "rumors and reports" means that the whistleblower can make a report based on the rumors, without having to provide true evidence or sign.

It means that you can be irresponsible if you scold someone!

Song Renzong "invented" the system of "wind, hear and tell things", which means that admonishers can participate in ministers based on hearsay. As soon as this case started, the admonishment officials and the ruling ministers were like fire and water, but the emperor was cheating on the sidelines. During the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the feudal supervision system also had

A major development change, that is, Yushi has the right to "wind and hear things," also known as "wind and news."

There are quite a few records about the bureaucracy of Yushitai in the history books. Let me cite a few examples: For example, in the "Tanshi" column of Volume 40 of "Selected Works of Zhaoming", Nan Qiyong next year, the impeachment of the impeachment of Wang Yuan and the Man The Manchu hired money for 50,000 things because of "rumors"; "Liang Shu·Xiao Yingda Biography", Yu Shi Zhongcheng Cheng Ren Jiezi confiscated general Xiao Yingda illegally levied raw fish tax, also based on "rumors"; "Liang Shu" "The Biography of Wang Liang" Ren Jie played Shangshu Zuo Cheng and Fan Zhen "attached and dismissed", or "rumor".

As an important reporting method in the ancient Chinese supervisory system, "Knowledge and Report" is an important method of reporting. Reporters can make anonymous reports by "filling in the air and catching ghosts". Even if the report is found to be untrue, the reporter will not be punishable.

The original intention was good. To allow officials to be in power under the warning of being impeached at any time, to a certain extent, played a very good role in promoting the eradication of corruption and anti-blasphemy in ancient Chinese officialdom.

After all, there was no modern monitoring system in ancient times, and the system was imperfect. Some ministers slammed their power, and it was difficult for others to supervise.

In the long run, the country will not be the country, and there will be no disasters, and there will be rebellion!

The fears and worries of the superiors are something that ordinary people cannot fully understand. If there is any accident, it is the time when the superiors are not safe!

In other words, if you are in power, you will also ask TJ for help, ask them to restrain the officials, and let them pinch each other when there is nothing wrong with them. When they bite the dog, they don't have so much thought to think about the rebellion.

If there is no nine thousand years old, there will be eight thousand years old or nine thousand nine hundred years old.

Without it, you have to save your life.

Otherwise, the mountains and rivers will change color overnight, and you will be in a different place.

There was also Song and Ming's literary system of martial arts. After all, the scourge of the feudal towns in the Tang Dynasty was lingering fear.

After the Anshi Rebellion was settled, the imperial decree did not leave the capital, and there were all vassal towns outside the city, without restriction.

The civilian spit on you, at best you have a stinky face.

The military commander swings a knife, that is your life!

Some ministers and generals have been in their positions for a long time, or they are powerful and powerful, and there are many members, but you can't act rashly. If you easily act on them before you get the true evidence, you will shake the country's foundation and make people no longer trust you.

The problem is that it may be too late when you get the evidence!

Therefore, the Song Dynasty remonstrance system and the Ming Dynasty’s use of the Kedao system were one of the emperor’s methods to protect the rivers and mountains, but they went wrong afterwards.

Ke means to give things in; Tao means to supervise Yushi. Together they constituted the main body of the Ming Dynasty supervisory system. In traditional Chinese society, this is a supervisory system used to supervise hundreds of officials.

In the Ming Dynasty, there were six divisions of household, rites, officials, criminals, engineering, and the Ministry of War, focusing on supervising the officials and affairs of the six ministries. They had the right to refute the imperial decree, documents, and regulations issued by the emperor and the ruling minister. , When they think it is unreasonable or illegal, they have the right to reject the edict, which means that when they think that the emperor’s decision is wrong, they can completely reject the imperial edict.

They can prescribe the emperor and serve as the superintendent. The remonstrance system has been in existence since ancient times. It was used to discuss political affairs and prepare consultants, reduce imperial policy mistakes, and restrain the emperor’s selfish desires. This channel of remonstrance to the heavens is called "the way of speech". "Therefore, Qishi is also called "supervisor."

You can also participate in court meetings and pushes, participate in the formulation of the court’s major policies and supervise its implementation.

They also had the authority to inspect officials. The Ming Dynasty evaluated officials in two ways. One was under the above-mentioned system, and the officials and the Metropolitan Procuratorate conducted the assessment, which was called "inspection" or "full examination"; the other was It is the following system, which is rectified by science and technology. The six departments are the main force in the following system. Generally, the staff department is responsible for the assessment of officials at all levels, but at the same time, they must be responsible for the inspection, only through the staff. Only by the joint assessment of the ministry and administration can officials be judged.

Especially when the "Beijing Inspection" every three years evaluates all officials in Beijing, they have considerable rights in matters.

To sum up, it is not trivial to have the rights of personnel supervision, disciplinary committee and business department in the matter!

The Supervisory Yushi belongs to the Metropolitan Procuratorate. The highest position is Zuodu Yushi, who can sit with the six books, is responsible for monitoring the illegal activities of officials at all levels, and also participates in the review of officials’ economic policies.

The ranks of most of the officials of the science and roads are basically not high, which is only equivalent to the local seven-pin county magistrates. This is a measure of the imperial court to control the big, but don’t underestimate them, claiming to hold the Tianxian in their hands and move the mountains at every turn. shake!

One of the main reasons that can make these low-ranking officials alive is the "rumors and reports" system. You don't have to be responsible for telling people, why don't you tell them?

Since the Taizu of the Northern Song Dynasty began to leave the ancestral instruction of not killing civilian officials, it is basically followed by future generations. There is also an unspoken rule, that is, officials cannot be killed easily and cannot be moved. Otherwise, are you guilty of conscience and what are you afraid of? !

Since the great ancestor of the Ming Dynasty, officials of science and technology were able to actively fulfill their duties at the beginning. The officials of science and technology who master the advice and participate in powers often become the targets of party struggles to achieve the party's purpose of fighting differences and attacking political opponents. This style of taking the enemy's right and wrong, and the enemy's right and wrong, will obviously make the emperor indistinguishable, distorting and malfunctioning political information, and damaging the rule of the imperial court.

In the middle and late Ming dynasties, the administrative functions and professional ethics of the officials of the Department of Science and Technology experienced qualitative changes.

Therefore, Ma Shiying's "History of the Ming Dynasty" clearly pointed out: The death of the former Ming Dynasty was due to party disputes!

The current emperor is still surnamed Zhu, and in the future the emperor will still be surnamed Zhu. It is impossible for his family to slap his family in the face and put the blame on the traitorous officials, so as to cleanly wash the emperor white.

Existing traitorous parties, the officials of science and technology who are subordinate to traitorous parties act as pawns and often become the vanguard of party struggles, and their destructive power cannot be underestimated.

After Xinming was established, Yan Changwu came across the board and took back the "rumors and reports." The officials still exist, but they don't have the right to sue others for irresponsibility.

He is a pirate wielding power. Although the civilian officials are dissatisfied, no one dares to oppose him.

As a result, the powers of officials from Science and Technology have shrunk, and the authority of business officials, such as officials from the six ministries and local officials, has risen. There have been more cases of officials corrupting the law and deceiving others under their influence. Civilian grievances have risen. The princess of the country lacks courage, and is unable to control such a situation, and gradually loses her strength.

For example, in July of the tenth year of Xinming, the Ministry of War prepared to send Zhao Xinhua, a military philanthropist, to Beihai to take care of the affairs of the triumphant officers and soldiers. To oppress the people, especially to warn central officials not to fight with local officials.

However, she also knows that although three orders and five applications must be severely punished, she suffers from the fact that no one reports impeachment, and there are laws that are difficult to enforce.

Yushi should have been playing this kind of thing, but the problem is that "for this kind of things, although there are rumors about the science and technology, because there is no evidence, it is not convenient to participate. The local governor also labored with officers and soldiers, and did not want to offend the central officials. So that's it".

The imperial court not only hoped that Kedao could impeach the lawless, but also did not want them to hear about it. In other words, how to obtain accurate enough information through Kedao was still a very contradictory issue for the rulers of Xinming. How to resolve this contradiction, Zhu Zhenzhen seems to have no other choice but to re-emphasize the need to punish severely.

It was good before, but when the emperor grandson presided over the affairs of the court, court discussions were turbulent, and he took the opportunity to ask him to restore the right of the department officials to "tell things"!

...

Listening to Zhu Heping's account of his distress, Yan Kun sneered and said: "This is a counter-offensive liquidation, and it must not be given!"

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