[comprehensive] mother instrument world
Chapter 81 The Red Mansion Xie Queen
After Situ Xian found out, when he asked about the situation, he found out dumbfoundingly that it was because Jia She took a fancy to an antique in Jia Daishan's hand. Unfortunately, Jia Daishan refused to give it to him, so Jia She made a crooked idea. , I want to forge one myself, and replace the real one in Jia Daishan's hand.The most difficult thing about antiques is the traces left by the years. Jia She thought of using acid to corrode, and after some research, he asked someone to order some things, and secretly made a batch of nitric acid. He came out, but he was discovered before he forged antiques.
Interest is the best teacher. This is really true. Jia She has no other hobbies in his life. What he likes most are all kinds of gold and stone antiques. As for these, they are really rare. Of course, among them, My favorite is ancient fans. When he was a companion in the palace, he stole several ancient fans from Situ Xian. Situ Xian is a pragmatist and doesn't care much about ancient fans. In the reading, Jia She is the most stupid and bold one. He is the eldest son and grandson of the family. At home, except for Shi Shi who has always been indifferent to him, there is never a time when things go wrong.
The most important thing is that his future has been set, and being a companion is the icing on the cake, so he has never felt nervous, which also makes him feel very comfortable with Situ Xian. Situ Xian also feels that such an innocent A heartless guy is quite interesting, anyway, he won't cause any big troubles, so I'm kind of pampering him.
Seeing that Jia Amnesty is quite capable in this area now, Situ Xian, as an emperor, immediately gained the upper hand with the idea of making the best use of people. He directly said, Marquis Jia En, your life of eating and waiting to die is now over. , Give full play to your ingenuity!
Jia Amnesty was almost choked to death by Situ Xian's will. Striving hard would never have happened to Jia Amnesty in this life. It's impossible to think about making fake things. Now that I have received the order, I feel like a concubine. I wish I could chop off my previous hand.
However, Situ Xian is quite familiar with this companion who grew up together. Situ Xian asked someone to collect a batch of ancient fans. First, he aroused Jia Amnesty's curiosity, and then said that if you want it, you can do it well. Work hard and reward you according to your achievements!
In the beginning, Jia Amnesty was hung by these ancient fans, held his breath, and really started to study.He also likes to play with some cleverness. He first studied the books, and then started to toss from the simple ones. Some things can be extracted directly without too many reaction steps. Xian caught a lot of good things there.After that, he got a lot of fun from it, and really thought it was quite interesting!
To be honest, as for Jia She, I have never done anything in my life to be looked at highly by others. When people talk about Jia She, they usually have a tone of envy and hatred. There is no way, he really won all the way. It can be said that he has never done anything seriously. When he was young, he relied on his grandfather, when he was young, he relied on his father, and when he became an adult, he was on the golden thigh of the emperor. His own mother also secretly lamented twice that her youngest son is worse than everything, but his fate is not as good as that of his elder son!
As a result, now, Jia She, a dude who in the eyes of many people might have to rely on his own son for success, has actually achieved results.Especially, now in the court, there are more and more students from the Gewu Academy. At the beginning, these people were still attached to the Ministry of Industry, but later, Situ Xian established another department called Gewu Academy , although it is not on the same level as the Six Ministries, it is on the same level as the Imperial Academy and the Inspectorate!
At the beginning of Gewuyuan, it was simply a gold-swallowing monster. As soon as the household department mentioned Gewuyuan, they could not wait to reflexively clutch their purses, and repeatedly stated that they had no money.Thanks to the rich and powerful emperor Situ Xian, he was able to afford the expenses of Gewuyuan.But correspondingly, Situ Xian is not someone who can lose money in business. He quickly stated in the court that the achievements of Gewuyuan belong to the royal family. Of course, in the past few decades, the inventor or The invention team can also enjoy a certain percentage of dividends.
At the beginning, the household department thought there was nothing wrong with it, but soon, after the results of the Gewuyuan came out, the later minister of the household department wanted to go to his predecessor and strangle him to death!Even the Ministry of Industry is beating their chests and feet, because the Ministry of Industry often needs some technologies researched by the Gewu Institute, but each technology cannot be obtained in vain, and it must be authorized.According to Situ Xian, if these can be given away for free, then why would those master masters worry about teaching apprentices and starving masters to death?To be an apprentice to those carpenters or something, you have to do a few years of white labor first, and you have to hand over a large part of the money you earn to the master after you leave the teacher.Therefore, the Ministry of Industry needs to use new technology, so what's wrong with paying for it?
Situ Xian has now realized the value of new technology, so he directly promulgated the "Patent Law". No matter who they are, even if they are not their disciples, if they want to use these patented technologies, within a certain time limit, they need to pay the patent holder for the use.
Although this kind of thing will encounter many problems when it is implemented, it is finally a good start. At least many people will not bring their own cooking skills to the grave rather than pass them on to others !
Correspondingly, the imperial court now has many more official positions, although most of them are relatively low-level officials, but this has also given many people a way out, and many people who have failed repeatedly have begun to cry. Shouting to take the Royal Gewu College!After all, the Royal Academy of Gewu is more reliable than the imperial examination, which is still crowded with thousands of troops and thousands of horses and horses. Although at present, the highest one is the bachelor in charge of the Academy of Gewu, but if it is done well, It is also possible to enter the cabinet.The chances of passing this exam are much higher than those of Juren and Jinshi.
Under Shu Yun's secret guidance, Situ Xian also published the textbooks of those basic subjects in large quantities, and then, like the Four Books and Five Classics, spread them around the world, and everyone in the world can learn them, and by the way, the entrance threshold of the Royal Gewu College was raised. .At the very beginning, you only need to be literate and know some simple arithmetic knowledge to be able to enter the school. Later, the entrance examination will take those basic subjects.There is no need for the imperial court to issue any additional decrees, and the people will naturally organize spontaneously. First, academies all over the country began to join Gewu courses. The students who have obtained the certificate of graduation from the college went directly to various places to start the enlightenment of Gephysics.
After that, the owners of various workshops discovered that even if they had only learned simple Gephysics, they could better use all kinds of new machines and even undertake relatively simple repair work. Immediately, they also began to hire some people who had learned The half bucket of water that is not too big has enlightened the literacy of our workers!
It can be said that in just over ten years, a saying has become popular throughout the Dajing Dynasty, that is, if you learn Gewuxue well, you will not be afraid to travel all over the world!Even those civil servants who were born in the imperial examinations, if they don’t know anything about Gewu, their evaluation and promotion will be affected to a certain extent, and in the policies and discussions of the imperial examinations, the topic of “Gewu Zhizhi” has begun to appear. The popularization of learning has also become a matter of course.
The books that Shu Yun took out were almost learned by some people soon, and some people started further research.In the past, in terms of mathematics and other issues, the Central Plains side was actually not that far behind. It was simply because various concise symbols were not used that it was difficult to get started, and the algorithm was too cumbersome. After a variety of symbols and some new algorithms, many people originally belonged to the elites of this era, and they quickly got started and started more in-depth research.
Situ Xian has already discovered the benefits of these. Even if these people are only studying some theories that seem difficult to translate into actual economic results, Situ Xian doesn't care about it, and a large sum of money is still poured into it!
It has to be said that Situ Xian has probably become the richest emperor in the world since ancient times. Nowadays, in those profitable industries, there is almost no Situ Xian who has not intervened. This also pushed his prestige to a peak. Someone in the hall has already directly called him the emperor of the ages!
Situ Xian didn't get carried away by it. He later found out that many of the books Shu Yun gave were translations from some countries in the West, and he felt a sense of crisis in his heart. Advanced technology, so while further increasing investment, it has already made crooked ideas.
In a sense, Situ Xian, the emperor, was already crooked. He looked more like a businessman than an emperor, and most of the time, he was quite unscrupulous.The ocean-going merchant ship under him took the goods from the Central Plains to the Western Ocean. On the one hand, he wanted to see what the situation was like there. On the other hand, he had already started to recruit talents!In other words, it is the "kidnapping" of talents.
Situ Xian directly told the steward in charge of the ocean voyage, when you get there, find out who are the famous scholars there, what kind of knowledge they are good at, what kind of music, art, and literature are they? For those who are interested in things, one counts as one. If you come to invite people to the Central Plains for academic exchanges, if you invite one, you will be credited according to one. Whether it is a promotion or a fortune, you can satisfy you!
When Situ Xian said this, the people below didn't understand the truth. If they were easy to talk to, they would come to invite them. If they didn't agree, they could just carry them onto the boat and forget it!
These scholars are also out of luck. I heard that there are people in the east thousands of miles away who have heard of their reputation and feel quite proud of it. Ocean sailing is actually quite scary.
The age of great voyages in the west has begun for some time. The wind and waves on the sea, pirates, and even the enemy's navy are all dangerous. In addition, there are problems such as scurvy. Most of them are in their own The country and even those neighboring countries are well-known. If you want status, you have status, if you want money, you have money, and you are the guest of many princes and nobles. You can’t think about what to do, even if you go to a place that many people call the country of gold. Woolen cloth?In particular, there is still a pagan country.They are not those missionaries who don't want anything in order to spread the Lord's gospel.
As a result, this side only expressed its refusal, and the other side acted both hard and soft. Within a few days, I stood on top of the returning fleet!
Of course, there are also many scholars who are still quite interested in the Central Plains, especially after they know some new technologies and theories of the Central Plains, they have a lot of curiosity and want to go and have a look. Some scholars who were almost sent to the stake because they were deviant in this era were also put on board.On the contrary, these people are relatively simple. A piece of silk, which can only be said to be relatively common in the Central Plains, and some porcelain, can make many people happy to rescue these people and send them to their ships.
The original worries of these people will soon disappear. The Central Plains has begun to install steam engines on ocean-going ships, and with multi-masted sails, even in the event of storms, they have a certain ability to resist. It is to avoid the storm as much as possible.The boat is also very big, and it is much more comfortable than ordinary boats. The crew grows bean sprouts on board, and even uses simple soil cultivation techniques to grow some vegetable seedlings. All kinds of bean sprouts are enough Provide enough vitamin C for people on board to avoid sepsis.
After they really saw the prosperity of the Central Plains, all of them were a little bit reluctant to leave!In this era, compared with the Central Plains, Europe is like a garbage dump. Not only is the sanitary environment very bad, but there are often wars, so that it is not very stable. The poor at the bottom often work as robbers part-time What's the matter, if the passing travelers are not careful enough, or don't have enough force, maybe they just drink their saliva, and the thin peasant woman picks up the hard black bread that can knock out their teeth and knocks them out.
Like these scholars, they are generally not badly born. After all, in this era, at least those who can receive education are from gentry families.Most of the time, I live in a few big cities. I originally thought that my motherland is already very good, but after seeing the Central Plains, even patriotic people have to admit that the life in the Central Plains is much better than that in Europe. In terms of daily diet, ordinary citizens are comparable to many ordinary nobles. Especially in recent years, due to the development of industry, the output of many daily necessities is very high. Except for some of them are exported overseas or to the Western Regions, more It is internally digested. Therefore, even ordinary people, as long as they don’t live in too remote places, the transportation is too inconvenient, and the family members are not too lazy. It will be fine.
These overseas scholars were first dazzled by the living conditions in the Central Plains, and then shocked by the industrialization that had begun to spread in the Central Plains!Many things with them are still on the blueprints, or they are still at a relatively early stage. As a result, in the Central Plains, they have become real objects, and have even been updated several times.The thirst for knowledge as a scholar has caused you to let them go now, and they won't go!
Although language is a problem, after having a considerable language environment, these scholars will soon be able to communicate with people stumbled. After they saw the Royal Gewu Academy, they were simply amazed!
After Situ Xian knew their level, without blinking his eyes, he directly gave several official positions that sounded unclear, and then said that if they were willing to stay in the Central Plains to do research and teach students, they could also be canonized. Nobility, let them become the nobles of the Central Plains.
These scholars are generally members of the noble family who are unlikely to inherit the title. Compared with the Central Plains, the title inheritance laws in Europe are more stringent. The eldest son inherits the title and family property, and the other sons can only make a living on their own. Ways, for example, to become a lawyer, to be a priest, to join the army and so on.As for the titles in Europe, in a sense, they are more precious than those in the Central Plains, because Europe belongs to the enfeoffment system, and nobles have their own fiefs, that is, those court nobles, that is, a noble In fact, in terms of real power, it is not even as good as a local baron, and even such a powerful knight leader can organize a team, and these court nobles can only drive their own servants up!On the European side, even the kings and emperors can't do much about those feudal nobles. As long as they fulfill their due obligations, they can ignore the rest.
When these scholars came to the Central Plains, they had also seen the honorable officials of Dajing. To be honest, apart from not having fiefdoms, their lives were much more nourishing than those nobles.An ordinary official may own more land than an earl, and he can mobilize a lot of wealth in his hands. The children in the family can have a certain future, which makes them yearn for the official position and title of Dajing immediately. stand up.
Don't think that scholars are so lofty that they don't eat the fireworks of the world. People also have various social needs. Even if they don't want to benefit, they have to be famous!As for those scholars whose knowledge was denounced as heresy, there is even a place to promote what they have learned in Dajing, go back to their hometown, and tell others that they are right and represent the truth, so if you can get With the approval of the Emperor of the Central Plains, the goals of these scholars have almost been completed, and each of them has become more and more active.
The natural sciences of this world have begun to develop towards a benign channel, Shu Yun is now concerned about the power of a woman!In fact, many women in the folk have already started working, but in the middle and upper classes, women are still very strictly restrained.They have rich family resources and do not need to earn money to maintain the family's livelihood like those women in the folk.Their family has a permanent property and earns a lot of income every year. They can use slaves and maidservants. When they get married, the family will give enough dowry to express to their husband's family that they will not use their husband's family from birth to death.It can be said that the lives of women in these families are just from the backyard of their natal family to the backyard of their husband's family.
They are accustomed to this, and even despise those women in the folk who want to show their faces, not as chaste and courteous as themselves.
In this regard, Shu Yun is actually very troubled. If the upper level does not change, the women at the bottom seem to have a certain amount of financial strength, but in the eyes of many people, they are still men's vassals. Many families, while forcing the women in the family to make money, On the one hand, they have to be extremely contemptuous of this, saying that they do not obey the rules and degrade women to a certain extent before they can continue to exploit them with peace of mind.
Shu Yun pondered for a while, and finally decided to bring out the female school.
Shu Yun didn't say much to Situ Xian at all, but said that he was bored in the palace and was going to set up a girls' school. In Shu Yun's words, girls always want to marry into the right family, and they always want to marry him later. My husband has some common language, and more and more people are learning Gewu now, so it's not bad for girls to learn some basics!At least when enlightening children, they won't be blinded and don't understand anything.
As for Situ Xian, he just felt that his mother's queen was probably bored, so he wanted to find something to do.Although my mother's queen is not young, she looks very young. She knows a lot of things, but there is no one around her who has a common language with her, especially after Situ Xuan leaves the palace and opens the mansion, the queen mother will be even more boring in the palace. up.
As for Empress Zhou, she has a more traditional temperament. She had never given birth to a son before, so she had to choose a famous lady to enter the palace. Just because several concubines had children one after another, they could only try their best to maintain the balance of the harem. At the beginning, Queen Zhou treated her daughter very well, but later on, it was inevitable that she resented why she was not a son. Fortunately, even a princess, when she gets older, doesn't have to live with her biological mother, she can have her own palace.Therefore, when the eldest princess got older, she begged Situ Xian and moved out of Changchun Palace. After a certain distance from Queen Zhou, the relationship between mother and daughter became more harmonious.
Shu Yun did not intervene in the education of his grandchildren, one generation manages the next generation, and the queen has never had a direct son. Then, a small move by Shu Yun will cause other people to interpret it redundantly. Therefore, unless Shu Yun really thinks there are too few things, he will It's okay to think about having grandchildren!Therefore, even at those family banquets in the palace, Shu Yun behaved quite well to the grandchildren below, without any bias, which also disappointed many concubines with children.
Situ Xian understands Shu Yun's thoughts, and is also grateful that his mother did not interfere with his harem and even the succession of the throne in the future. If there are several legitimate children, it would be no problem to send one or two to be raised in the Palace of Compassion However, Empress Zhou is really shallow when it comes to the fate of her children. There is nothing wrong with the imperial doctor's investigation, but she just can't conceive, and Situ Xian has no other way!Fortunately, he is still relatively young now, so there is no need to worry too much about many things, but in another ten years, when there is no more son in the palace, Situ Xian has to make another plan.
Situ Xian thought that Shu Yun was very quiet and wanted to move, was idle and bored, and wanted to be a female student, and he didn't think Shu Yun could make a name for himself, so he immediately agreed with Shu Yun's idea, He also thoughtfully marked out a place for Shu Yun to use.
After several reincarnations, Shu Yun already understood what haste makes waste, so he just mentioned it at the New Year's Eve palace banquet, planning to set up a girls' school. If each family is interested, they can let their daughter admission.
For those who can enter the palace to participate in the palace banquet, the girls in the family must learn, even if they don't learn any poetry, they must learn the principles of housekeeping and directorship. These are either learned from their elders, or they follow some The nuns in charge of the family study, and some families want their daughters to be drafted, so they have to invite some female officials from the palace to teach their daughters palace etiquette.Like the Wang family, girls who can't read at all are really a minority of the minority.
Now I heard that the queen mother wants to run a women's school, and the hearts of a group of wives are moved. The women's school established by the queen mother will definitely not have any problems. In addition, the women's school can also be used as a place for the girls in the family to socialize. Many families also hire someone to teach their daughters, so even if they spend a little more money to send girls to women's schools, if they can get a few words of praise from the Queen Mother, they can also increase their capital when they get married later.
In fact, in later generations, some people still think that women's higher education qualifications will be a capital for their marriage. For example, those who have gone to college will either marry with academic qualifications and prospects, or those who are rich enough to ignore this qualification , like in this era, everyone's requirements for women are more reflected in marrying a good man. Beauty, knowledge, and reputation are the capital of a marriage, as important as a generous dowry.
Although Shu Yun understood the thoughts of these people, she didn't mean to say much at all. If the girls in their family also regarded the women's school as a bridal school, Shu Yun would recognize it, and what Shu Yun hoped was to learn from it. Select some people who are unwilling, and only when they have unwillingness in their hearts, will they want to find another way out.
Shu Yun believes that not all noble girls from famous families only want to marry a good family, and Shu Yun will secretly guide them.
When the spring is warm and the flowers are blooming, the girls' school starts, and it is inevitable to increase the enlightenment education. The students recruited at the beginning are girls over ten years old. Girls of this age generally have almost read all the words, and have already I have learned some simple arithmetic at home, which can save a lot of things.
The courses in the women's school are divided into two categories, one is the kind that cultivates sentiments, such as tea ceremony, incense ceremony, and knowledge of piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, etc. It is easy to find Mr. To become a master figure in this area, therefore, it is enough to choose some female officials with good backgrounds. Even, Shu Yun asked the concubines of the late emperor who had no children in the Compassionate Ning Palace, and asked them if they were interested. The one with the highest status is just a concubine, most of whom are beauties and talented people, and there are even a few who just got favored by accident in the past, got a low status, and they are not too old, so naturally they don't want to be married. After living like a haggard tree for a lifetime, after Shu Yun asked, they hesitated for a while, and finally agreed.It's better to be a teacher in a women's school than to die in the Palace of Compassion and Peace!
Instead, there are not many talents who can teach things. Nowadays, those who can do this are usually men, but there are very few women. That is to say, Shu Yun asked some court ladies and officials around him to learn some, and now let them teach for the time being.In order for these girls to be willing to learn, from the very beginning, it was to let them learn how to be a housekeeper, and to teach them on the grounds that they could have a common language with their future husband's family in the future.
Shu Yun asked these ladies and gentlemen who are gentlemen to teach these girls the principles of self-esteem, self-love, self-respect and self-reliance in their daily lectures, and let them know that they don't have to depend on a man for their whole life, and they can live their own lives. Wonderful!Especially, the world is different now, men's eyes have begun to look at the whole world, if women are still the same as before, with only one-third of an acre of land in their eyes, they will inevitably be looked down upon more and more.
These words seem to be spoken casually, but for many girls, they will still leave a certain impression.Such a big child is just when the three views are formed. When they see a more exciting world and find that they can do many things like men, then, is it possible that they are still willing to give up what they have learned before, honestly Is it true that husband teaches children?Among other things, even if they return to the family, they can still occupy a pivotal position in the family because of their achievements.
As Shu Yun expected, the reason why education is very important is that education can tell everyone what to do, what not to do, and what you can do. Therefore, when the girls’ school first started, everyone didn’t notice any changes , But soon, everyone discovered that the state of these girls had changed a lot, at least their mental state became more high-spirited and confident.
Girls also need to have their own careers. Nowadays, many businesses have already moved forward. Then, girls have found a qualified entry point, which is cosmetic daily necessities.
Nowadays, there are all kinds of soaps, soaps, perfumes and dews on the market, but rouge and gouache are still old-fashioned, and then some girls who are good at this kind of thing get together and tinker with various cosmetics. There are also some people who started jewelry design, and some even started fashion magazines, that is, to make some popular makeup, clothing and jewelry in the magazines.
Others learn better in science, and even want to study further in Gewu. They have found that they are no worse than men in this, and even in some knowledge that requires hands-on experiments, because they are more careful , more patient, able to tolerate repeated failures and repeated trials.
Therefore, in the fifth year after the establishment of the women's school, the women's school produced results. They purified penicillin. Even though penicillin may be allergic, it has been the most widely used antibiotic for a long time.
Situ Xian was also extremely surprised by the achievements of the women's school. He never thought that these delicate girls could make such a career.
"Queen, have you thought of this a long time ago?" Situ Xian asked with a complicated mood as he looked at the clinical report submitted by the female school.
Shu Yun took a sip of tea and said, "Why didn't you think of it? For so many years, women have been bound by rules and regulations such as women's commandments in the back house, and it is difficult to receive an education comparable to that of men. Even so, After so many years, hasn’t there been an outstanding woman? Not to mention that Her Majesty the Empress, like Lay Yi’an, even surpassed her husband in name. Better than her husband! If it is physical labor, women do have some disadvantages in this area, but in this world, how much pure physical labor is there? So, why deny that women are inferior to men?"
Situ Xian looked at Shu Yun, and for a moment didn't know what to say: "Is the reason why the queen mother runs a girls' school to prove this?"
Shu Yun laughed: "No, I just want to give these girls a chance. Now it is obvious that they seized this opportunity, didn't they? Since they have such talents, why are they still confined Giving full play to their ingenuity will even cause them to be favored by the inner house, and the housework will drain their spirituality, making them less like their own inner house?"
Hearing Shu Yun's words, Situ Xian sighed and said, "Mother, when you entered the palace, I'm afraid you were very unwilling!"
Shu Yun nodded, and said: "Yes, I have been studying with my elder brothers since I was a child. They are often not as good as me in reading. As for some miscellaneous subjects taught at home, I can understand them at a glance, but, just because of me It’s a girl, your grandparents will only focus on your uncles. As for me, they are completely free. I can read the books in the study, but there is no more guidance! I used to I thought about it, if I could marry a well-matched family, I might be able to be a good wife for my husband, but then I entered the palace, and you should know what happened after that!"
Situ Xian nodded. What else does he not know? My father doesn't like the kind of smart and wise women. To worship him, rely on him, and regard him as his own god, the problem is that it is too difficult for his mother.Sometimes Situ Xian has to think about it, and it's fortunate that his mother is not a power-hungry person like Empress Wu, otherwise, maybe something will really happen.
Situ Xian was convinced of her mother. She had such patience. She didn't put her ideas into practice until she became a grandmother and everything came to fruition. Most importantly, she succeeded. .
Things have come to this point. As a qualified emperor and one who always puts interests first, Situ Xian naturally hopes that there will be more and more people who can do things in the country. Since women can also be like men, , to make corresponding contributions in matters such as industrial production, then, as the emperor, Situ Xian is naturally willing to give them opportunities, and even Situ Xian feels that corresponding courses should be added to the princesses in the palace, so that they can A trend has been formed among the people to allow more girls to enter schools and learn these corresponding knowledge.
Situ Xian was still having a headache at first. Would it be more difficult to give women the same right to education as men? It would be difficult to pass in the court. However, after Situ Xian mentioned it in the court, he found that everyone did not There aren't many objections.Situ Xian never thought that since he had been on the throne for so many years, those old-fashioned scholars would have opposed it when Gewuyuan appeared, and then they would be marginalized. What's more, the world is changing very fast now. We are all trying to adapt to this era.When the economic conditions reach a certain level, the constraints on women will actually be relaxed.The other thing is what is taught in the women's school. For the time being, not many people think there is anything famous about it. They still think that women are women, and most of the research is about women. As for the importance of penicillin, they don't understand it at all. , Moreover, those girls who did these things never said anything at home.Therefore, they directly missed the opportunity of this wave of opposition.
Therefore, few people objected to Situ Xian’s statement that he wanted the public to promote women’s education. Those who can afford women’s education must be from families with a certain amount of wealth. In such families, girls should receive a certain amount of education. Yes, it is not bad to concentrate and teach!What's more, the women in the family read more books, and their quality is higher
Interest is the best teacher. This is really true. Jia She has no other hobbies in his life. What he likes most are all kinds of gold and stone antiques. As for these, they are really rare. Of course, among them, My favorite is ancient fans. When he was a companion in the palace, he stole several ancient fans from Situ Xian. Situ Xian is a pragmatist and doesn't care much about ancient fans. In the reading, Jia She is the most stupid and bold one. He is the eldest son and grandson of the family. At home, except for Shi Shi who has always been indifferent to him, there is never a time when things go wrong.
The most important thing is that his future has been set, and being a companion is the icing on the cake, so he has never felt nervous, which also makes him feel very comfortable with Situ Xian. Situ Xian also feels that such an innocent A heartless guy is quite interesting, anyway, he won't cause any big troubles, so I'm kind of pampering him.
Seeing that Jia Amnesty is quite capable in this area now, Situ Xian, as an emperor, immediately gained the upper hand with the idea of making the best use of people. He directly said, Marquis Jia En, your life of eating and waiting to die is now over. , Give full play to your ingenuity!
Jia Amnesty was almost choked to death by Situ Xian's will. Striving hard would never have happened to Jia Amnesty in this life. It's impossible to think about making fake things. Now that I have received the order, I feel like a concubine. I wish I could chop off my previous hand.
However, Situ Xian is quite familiar with this companion who grew up together. Situ Xian asked someone to collect a batch of ancient fans. First, he aroused Jia Amnesty's curiosity, and then said that if you want it, you can do it well. Work hard and reward you according to your achievements!
In the beginning, Jia Amnesty was hung by these ancient fans, held his breath, and really started to study.He also likes to play with some cleverness. He first studied the books, and then started to toss from the simple ones. Some things can be extracted directly without too many reaction steps. Xian caught a lot of good things there.After that, he got a lot of fun from it, and really thought it was quite interesting!
To be honest, as for Jia She, I have never done anything in my life to be looked at highly by others. When people talk about Jia She, they usually have a tone of envy and hatred. There is no way, he really won all the way. It can be said that he has never done anything seriously. When he was young, he relied on his grandfather, when he was young, he relied on his father, and when he became an adult, he was on the golden thigh of the emperor. His own mother also secretly lamented twice that her youngest son is worse than everything, but his fate is not as good as that of his elder son!
As a result, now, Jia She, a dude who in the eyes of many people might have to rely on his own son for success, has actually achieved results.Especially, now in the court, there are more and more students from the Gewu Academy. At the beginning, these people were still attached to the Ministry of Industry, but later, Situ Xian established another department called Gewu Academy , although it is not on the same level as the Six Ministries, it is on the same level as the Imperial Academy and the Inspectorate!
At the beginning of Gewuyuan, it was simply a gold-swallowing monster. As soon as the household department mentioned Gewuyuan, they could not wait to reflexively clutch their purses, and repeatedly stated that they had no money.Thanks to the rich and powerful emperor Situ Xian, he was able to afford the expenses of Gewuyuan.But correspondingly, Situ Xian is not someone who can lose money in business. He quickly stated in the court that the achievements of Gewuyuan belong to the royal family. Of course, in the past few decades, the inventor or The invention team can also enjoy a certain percentage of dividends.
At the beginning, the household department thought there was nothing wrong with it, but soon, after the results of the Gewuyuan came out, the later minister of the household department wanted to go to his predecessor and strangle him to death!Even the Ministry of Industry is beating their chests and feet, because the Ministry of Industry often needs some technologies researched by the Gewu Institute, but each technology cannot be obtained in vain, and it must be authorized.According to Situ Xian, if these can be given away for free, then why would those master masters worry about teaching apprentices and starving masters to death?To be an apprentice to those carpenters or something, you have to do a few years of white labor first, and you have to hand over a large part of the money you earn to the master after you leave the teacher.Therefore, the Ministry of Industry needs to use new technology, so what's wrong with paying for it?
Situ Xian has now realized the value of new technology, so he directly promulgated the "Patent Law". No matter who they are, even if they are not their disciples, if they want to use these patented technologies, within a certain time limit, they need to pay the patent holder for the use.
Although this kind of thing will encounter many problems when it is implemented, it is finally a good start. At least many people will not bring their own cooking skills to the grave rather than pass them on to others !
Correspondingly, the imperial court now has many more official positions, although most of them are relatively low-level officials, but this has also given many people a way out, and many people who have failed repeatedly have begun to cry. Shouting to take the Royal Gewu College!After all, the Royal Academy of Gewu is more reliable than the imperial examination, which is still crowded with thousands of troops and thousands of horses and horses. Although at present, the highest one is the bachelor in charge of the Academy of Gewu, but if it is done well, It is also possible to enter the cabinet.The chances of passing this exam are much higher than those of Juren and Jinshi.
Under Shu Yun's secret guidance, Situ Xian also published the textbooks of those basic subjects in large quantities, and then, like the Four Books and Five Classics, spread them around the world, and everyone in the world can learn them, and by the way, the entrance threshold of the Royal Gewu College was raised. .At the very beginning, you only need to be literate and know some simple arithmetic knowledge to be able to enter the school. Later, the entrance examination will take those basic subjects.There is no need for the imperial court to issue any additional decrees, and the people will naturally organize spontaneously. First, academies all over the country began to join Gewu courses. The students who have obtained the certificate of graduation from the college went directly to various places to start the enlightenment of Gephysics.
After that, the owners of various workshops discovered that even if they had only learned simple Gephysics, they could better use all kinds of new machines and even undertake relatively simple repair work. Immediately, they also began to hire some people who had learned The half bucket of water that is not too big has enlightened the literacy of our workers!
It can be said that in just over ten years, a saying has become popular throughout the Dajing Dynasty, that is, if you learn Gewuxue well, you will not be afraid to travel all over the world!Even those civil servants who were born in the imperial examinations, if they don’t know anything about Gewu, their evaluation and promotion will be affected to a certain extent, and in the policies and discussions of the imperial examinations, the topic of “Gewu Zhizhi” has begun to appear. The popularization of learning has also become a matter of course.
The books that Shu Yun took out were almost learned by some people soon, and some people started further research.In the past, in terms of mathematics and other issues, the Central Plains side was actually not that far behind. It was simply because various concise symbols were not used that it was difficult to get started, and the algorithm was too cumbersome. After a variety of symbols and some new algorithms, many people originally belonged to the elites of this era, and they quickly got started and started more in-depth research.
Situ Xian has already discovered the benefits of these. Even if these people are only studying some theories that seem difficult to translate into actual economic results, Situ Xian doesn't care about it, and a large sum of money is still poured into it!
It has to be said that Situ Xian has probably become the richest emperor in the world since ancient times. Nowadays, in those profitable industries, there is almost no Situ Xian who has not intervened. This also pushed his prestige to a peak. Someone in the hall has already directly called him the emperor of the ages!
Situ Xian didn't get carried away by it. He later found out that many of the books Shu Yun gave were translations from some countries in the West, and he felt a sense of crisis in his heart. Advanced technology, so while further increasing investment, it has already made crooked ideas.
In a sense, Situ Xian, the emperor, was already crooked. He looked more like a businessman than an emperor, and most of the time, he was quite unscrupulous.The ocean-going merchant ship under him took the goods from the Central Plains to the Western Ocean. On the one hand, he wanted to see what the situation was like there. On the other hand, he had already started to recruit talents!In other words, it is the "kidnapping" of talents.
Situ Xian directly told the steward in charge of the ocean voyage, when you get there, find out who are the famous scholars there, what kind of knowledge they are good at, what kind of music, art, and literature are they? For those who are interested in things, one counts as one. If you come to invite people to the Central Plains for academic exchanges, if you invite one, you will be credited according to one. Whether it is a promotion or a fortune, you can satisfy you!
When Situ Xian said this, the people below didn't understand the truth. If they were easy to talk to, they would come to invite them. If they didn't agree, they could just carry them onto the boat and forget it!
These scholars are also out of luck. I heard that there are people in the east thousands of miles away who have heard of their reputation and feel quite proud of it. Ocean sailing is actually quite scary.
The age of great voyages in the west has begun for some time. The wind and waves on the sea, pirates, and even the enemy's navy are all dangerous. In addition, there are problems such as scurvy. Most of them are in their own The country and even those neighboring countries are well-known. If you want status, you have status, if you want money, you have money, and you are the guest of many princes and nobles. You can’t think about what to do, even if you go to a place that many people call the country of gold. Woolen cloth?In particular, there is still a pagan country.They are not those missionaries who don't want anything in order to spread the Lord's gospel.
As a result, this side only expressed its refusal, and the other side acted both hard and soft. Within a few days, I stood on top of the returning fleet!
Of course, there are also many scholars who are still quite interested in the Central Plains, especially after they know some new technologies and theories of the Central Plains, they have a lot of curiosity and want to go and have a look. Some scholars who were almost sent to the stake because they were deviant in this era were also put on board.On the contrary, these people are relatively simple. A piece of silk, which can only be said to be relatively common in the Central Plains, and some porcelain, can make many people happy to rescue these people and send them to their ships.
The original worries of these people will soon disappear. The Central Plains has begun to install steam engines on ocean-going ships, and with multi-masted sails, even in the event of storms, they have a certain ability to resist. It is to avoid the storm as much as possible.The boat is also very big, and it is much more comfortable than ordinary boats. The crew grows bean sprouts on board, and even uses simple soil cultivation techniques to grow some vegetable seedlings. All kinds of bean sprouts are enough Provide enough vitamin C for people on board to avoid sepsis.
After they really saw the prosperity of the Central Plains, all of them were a little bit reluctant to leave!In this era, compared with the Central Plains, Europe is like a garbage dump. Not only is the sanitary environment very bad, but there are often wars, so that it is not very stable. The poor at the bottom often work as robbers part-time What's the matter, if the passing travelers are not careful enough, or don't have enough force, maybe they just drink their saliva, and the thin peasant woman picks up the hard black bread that can knock out their teeth and knocks them out.
Like these scholars, they are generally not badly born. After all, in this era, at least those who can receive education are from gentry families.Most of the time, I live in a few big cities. I originally thought that my motherland is already very good, but after seeing the Central Plains, even patriotic people have to admit that the life in the Central Plains is much better than that in Europe. In terms of daily diet, ordinary citizens are comparable to many ordinary nobles. Especially in recent years, due to the development of industry, the output of many daily necessities is very high. Except for some of them are exported overseas or to the Western Regions, more It is internally digested. Therefore, even ordinary people, as long as they don’t live in too remote places, the transportation is too inconvenient, and the family members are not too lazy. It will be fine.
These overseas scholars were first dazzled by the living conditions in the Central Plains, and then shocked by the industrialization that had begun to spread in the Central Plains!Many things with them are still on the blueprints, or they are still at a relatively early stage. As a result, in the Central Plains, they have become real objects, and have even been updated several times.The thirst for knowledge as a scholar has caused you to let them go now, and they won't go!
Although language is a problem, after having a considerable language environment, these scholars will soon be able to communicate with people stumbled. After they saw the Royal Gewu Academy, they were simply amazed!
After Situ Xian knew their level, without blinking his eyes, he directly gave several official positions that sounded unclear, and then said that if they were willing to stay in the Central Plains to do research and teach students, they could also be canonized. Nobility, let them become the nobles of the Central Plains.
These scholars are generally members of the noble family who are unlikely to inherit the title. Compared with the Central Plains, the title inheritance laws in Europe are more stringent. The eldest son inherits the title and family property, and the other sons can only make a living on their own. Ways, for example, to become a lawyer, to be a priest, to join the army and so on.As for the titles in Europe, in a sense, they are more precious than those in the Central Plains, because Europe belongs to the enfeoffment system, and nobles have their own fiefs, that is, those court nobles, that is, a noble In fact, in terms of real power, it is not even as good as a local baron, and even such a powerful knight leader can organize a team, and these court nobles can only drive their own servants up!On the European side, even the kings and emperors can't do much about those feudal nobles. As long as they fulfill their due obligations, they can ignore the rest.
When these scholars came to the Central Plains, they had also seen the honorable officials of Dajing. To be honest, apart from not having fiefdoms, their lives were much more nourishing than those nobles.An ordinary official may own more land than an earl, and he can mobilize a lot of wealth in his hands. The children in the family can have a certain future, which makes them yearn for the official position and title of Dajing immediately. stand up.
Don't think that scholars are so lofty that they don't eat the fireworks of the world. People also have various social needs. Even if they don't want to benefit, they have to be famous!As for those scholars whose knowledge was denounced as heresy, there is even a place to promote what they have learned in Dajing, go back to their hometown, and tell others that they are right and represent the truth, so if you can get With the approval of the Emperor of the Central Plains, the goals of these scholars have almost been completed, and each of them has become more and more active.
The natural sciences of this world have begun to develop towards a benign channel, Shu Yun is now concerned about the power of a woman!In fact, many women in the folk have already started working, but in the middle and upper classes, women are still very strictly restrained.They have rich family resources and do not need to earn money to maintain the family's livelihood like those women in the folk.Their family has a permanent property and earns a lot of income every year. They can use slaves and maidservants. When they get married, the family will give enough dowry to express to their husband's family that they will not use their husband's family from birth to death.It can be said that the lives of women in these families are just from the backyard of their natal family to the backyard of their husband's family.
They are accustomed to this, and even despise those women in the folk who want to show their faces, not as chaste and courteous as themselves.
In this regard, Shu Yun is actually very troubled. If the upper level does not change, the women at the bottom seem to have a certain amount of financial strength, but in the eyes of many people, they are still men's vassals. Many families, while forcing the women in the family to make money, On the one hand, they have to be extremely contemptuous of this, saying that they do not obey the rules and degrade women to a certain extent before they can continue to exploit them with peace of mind.
Shu Yun pondered for a while, and finally decided to bring out the female school.
Shu Yun didn't say much to Situ Xian at all, but said that he was bored in the palace and was going to set up a girls' school. In Shu Yun's words, girls always want to marry into the right family, and they always want to marry him later. My husband has some common language, and more and more people are learning Gewu now, so it's not bad for girls to learn some basics!At least when enlightening children, they won't be blinded and don't understand anything.
As for Situ Xian, he just felt that his mother's queen was probably bored, so he wanted to find something to do.Although my mother's queen is not young, she looks very young. She knows a lot of things, but there is no one around her who has a common language with her, especially after Situ Xuan leaves the palace and opens the mansion, the queen mother will be even more boring in the palace. up.
As for Empress Zhou, she has a more traditional temperament. She had never given birth to a son before, so she had to choose a famous lady to enter the palace. Just because several concubines had children one after another, they could only try their best to maintain the balance of the harem. At the beginning, Queen Zhou treated her daughter very well, but later on, it was inevitable that she resented why she was not a son. Fortunately, even a princess, when she gets older, doesn't have to live with her biological mother, she can have her own palace.Therefore, when the eldest princess got older, she begged Situ Xian and moved out of Changchun Palace. After a certain distance from Queen Zhou, the relationship between mother and daughter became more harmonious.
Shu Yun did not intervene in the education of his grandchildren, one generation manages the next generation, and the queen has never had a direct son. Then, a small move by Shu Yun will cause other people to interpret it redundantly. Therefore, unless Shu Yun really thinks there are too few things, he will It's okay to think about having grandchildren!Therefore, even at those family banquets in the palace, Shu Yun behaved quite well to the grandchildren below, without any bias, which also disappointed many concubines with children.
Situ Xian understands Shu Yun's thoughts, and is also grateful that his mother did not interfere with his harem and even the succession of the throne in the future. If there are several legitimate children, it would be no problem to send one or two to be raised in the Palace of Compassion However, Empress Zhou is really shallow when it comes to the fate of her children. There is nothing wrong with the imperial doctor's investigation, but she just can't conceive, and Situ Xian has no other way!Fortunately, he is still relatively young now, so there is no need to worry too much about many things, but in another ten years, when there is no more son in the palace, Situ Xian has to make another plan.
Situ Xian thought that Shu Yun was very quiet and wanted to move, was idle and bored, and wanted to be a female student, and he didn't think Shu Yun could make a name for himself, so he immediately agreed with Shu Yun's idea, He also thoughtfully marked out a place for Shu Yun to use.
After several reincarnations, Shu Yun already understood what haste makes waste, so he just mentioned it at the New Year's Eve palace banquet, planning to set up a girls' school. If each family is interested, they can let their daughter admission.
For those who can enter the palace to participate in the palace banquet, the girls in the family must learn, even if they don't learn any poetry, they must learn the principles of housekeeping and directorship. These are either learned from their elders, or they follow some The nuns in charge of the family study, and some families want their daughters to be drafted, so they have to invite some female officials from the palace to teach their daughters palace etiquette.Like the Wang family, girls who can't read at all are really a minority of the minority.
Now I heard that the queen mother wants to run a women's school, and the hearts of a group of wives are moved. The women's school established by the queen mother will definitely not have any problems. In addition, the women's school can also be used as a place for the girls in the family to socialize. Many families also hire someone to teach their daughters, so even if they spend a little more money to send girls to women's schools, if they can get a few words of praise from the Queen Mother, they can also increase their capital when they get married later.
In fact, in later generations, some people still think that women's higher education qualifications will be a capital for their marriage. For example, those who have gone to college will either marry with academic qualifications and prospects, or those who are rich enough to ignore this qualification , like in this era, everyone's requirements for women are more reflected in marrying a good man. Beauty, knowledge, and reputation are the capital of a marriage, as important as a generous dowry.
Although Shu Yun understood the thoughts of these people, she didn't mean to say much at all. If the girls in their family also regarded the women's school as a bridal school, Shu Yun would recognize it, and what Shu Yun hoped was to learn from it. Select some people who are unwilling, and only when they have unwillingness in their hearts, will they want to find another way out.
Shu Yun believes that not all noble girls from famous families only want to marry a good family, and Shu Yun will secretly guide them.
When the spring is warm and the flowers are blooming, the girls' school starts, and it is inevitable to increase the enlightenment education. The students recruited at the beginning are girls over ten years old. Girls of this age generally have almost read all the words, and have already I have learned some simple arithmetic at home, which can save a lot of things.
The courses in the women's school are divided into two categories, one is the kind that cultivates sentiments, such as tea ceremony, incense ceremony, and knowledge of piano, chess, calligraphy and painting, etc. It is easy to find Mr. To become a master figure in this area, therefore, it is enough to choose some female officials with good backgrounds. Even, Shu Yun asked the concubines of the late emperor who had no children in the Compassionate Ning Palace, and asked them if they were interested. The one with the highest status is just a concubine, most of whom are beauties and talented people, and there are even a few who just got favored by accident in the past, got a low status, and they are not too old, so naturally they don't want to be married. After living like a haggard tree for a lifetime, after Shu Yun asked, they hesitated for a while, and finally agreed.It's better to be a teacher in a women's school than to die in the Palace of Compassion and Peace!
Instead, there are not many talents who can teach things. Nowadays, those who can do this are usually men, but there are very few women. That is to say, Shu Yun asked some court ladies and officials around him to learn some, and now let them teach for the time being.In order for these girls to be willing to learn, from the very beginning, it was to let them learn how to be a housekeeper, and to teach them on the grounds that they could have a common language with their future husband's family in the future.
Shu Yun asked these ladies and gentlemen who are gentlemen to teach these girls the principles of self-esteem, self-love, self-respect and self-reliance in their daily lectures, and let them know that they don't have to depend on a man for their whole life, and they can live their own lives. Wonderful!Especially, the world is different now, men's eyes have begun to look at the whole world, if women are still the same as before, with only one-third of an acre of land in their eyes, they will inevitably be looked down upon more and more.
These words seem to be spoken casually, but for many girls, they will still leave a certain impression.Such a big child is just when the three views are formed. When they see a more exciting world and find that they can do many things like men, then, is it possible that they are still willing to give up what they have learned before, honestly Is it true that husband teaches children?Among other things, even if they return to the family, they can still occupy a pivotal position in the family because of their achievements.
As Shu Yun expected, the reason why education is very important is that education can tell everyone what to do, what not to do, and what you can do. Therefore, when the girls’ school first started, everyone didn’t notice any changes , But soon, everyone discovered that the state of these girls had changed a lot, at least their mental state became more high-spirited and confident.
Girls also need to have their own careers. Nowadays, many businesses have already moved forward. Then, girls have found a qualified entry point, which is cosmetic daily necessities.
Nowadays, there are all kinds of soaps, soaps, perfumes and dews on the market, but rouge and gouache are still old-fashioned, and then some girls who are good at this kind of thing get together and tinker with various cosmetics. There are also some people who started jewelry design, and some even started fashion magazines, that is, to make some popular makeup, clothing and jewelry in the magazines.
Others learn better in science, and even want to study further in Gewu. They have found that they are no worse than men in this, and even in some knowledge that requires hands-on experiments, because they are more careful , more patient, able to tolerate repeated failures and repeated trials.
Therefore, in the fifth year after the establishment of the women's school, the women's school produced results. They purified penicillin. Even though penicillin may be allergic, it has been the most widely used antibiotic for a long time.
Situ Xian was also extremely surprised by the achievements of the women's school. He never thought that these delicate girls could make such a career.
"Queen, have you thought of this a long time ago?" Situ Xian asked with a complicated mood as he looked at the clinical report submitted by the female school.
Shu Yun took a sip of tea and said, "Why didn't you think of it? For so many years, women have been bound by rules and regulations such as women's commandments in the back house, and it is difficult to receive an education comparable to that of men. Even so, After so many years, hasn’t there been an outstanding woman? Not to mention that Her Majesty the Empress, like Lay Yi’an, even surpassed her husband in name. Better than her husband! If it is physical labor, women do have some disadvantages in this area, but in this world, how much pure physical labor is there? So, why deny that women are inferior to men?"
Situ Xian looked at Shu Yun, and for a moment didn't know what to say: "Is the reason why the queen mother runs a girls' school to prove this?"
Shu Yun laughed: "No, I just want to give these girls a chance. Now it is obvious that they seized this opportunity, didn't they? Since they have such talents, why are they still confined Giving full play to their ingenuity will even cause them to be favored by the inner house, and the housework will drain their spirituality, making them less like their own inner house?"
Hearing Shu Yun's words, Situ Xian sighed and said, "Mother, when you entered the palace, I'm afraid you were very unwilling!"
Shu Yun nodded, and said: "Yes, I have been studying with my elder brothers since I was a child. They are often not as good as me in reading. As for some miscellaneous subjects taught at home, I can understand them at a glance, but, just because of me It’s a girl, your grandparents will only focus on your uncles. As for me, they are completely free. I can read the books in the study, but there is no more guidance! I used to I thought about it, if I could marry a well-matched family, I might be able to be a good wife for my husband, but then I entered the palace, and you should know what happened after that!"
Situ Xian nodded. What else does he not know? My father doesn't like the kind of smart and wise women. To worship him, rely on him, and regard him as his own god, the problem is that it is too difficult for his mother.Sometimes Situ Xian has to think about it, and it's fortunate that his mother is not a power-hungry person like Empress Wu, otherwise, maybe something will really happen.
Situ Xian was convinced of her mother. She had such patience. She didn't put her ideas into practice until she became a grandmother and everything came to fruition. Most importantly, she succeeded. .
Things have come to this point. As a qualified emperor and one who always puts interests first, Situ Xian naturally hopes that there will be more and more people who can do things in the country. Since women can also be like men, , to make corresponding contributions in matters such as industrial production, then, as the emperor, Situ Xian is naturally willing to give them opportunities, and even Situ Xian feels that corresponding courses should be added to the princesses in the palace, so that they can A trend has been formed among the people to allow more girls to enter schools and learn these corresponding knowledge.
Situ Xian was still having a headache at first. Would it be more difficult to give women the same right to education as men? It would be difficult to pass in the court. However, after Situ Xian mentioned it in the court, he found that everyone did not There aren't many objections.Situ Xian never thought that since he had been on the throne for so many years, those old-fashioned scholars would have opposed it when Gewuyuan appeared, and then they would be marginalized. What's more, the world is changing very fast now. We are all trying to adapt to this era.When the economic conditions reach a certain level, the constraints on women will actually be relaxed.The other thing is what is taught in the women's school. For the time being, not many people think there is anything famous about it. They still think that women are women, and most of the research is about women. As for the importance of penicillin, they don't understand it at all. , Moreover, those girls who did these things never said anything at home.Therefore, they directly missed the opportunity of this wave of opposition.
Therefore, few people objected to Situ Xian’s statement that he wanted the public to promote women’s education. Those who can afford women’s education must be from families with a certain amount of wealth. In such families, girls should receive a certain amount of education. Yes, it is not bad to concentrate and teach!What's more, the women in the family read more books, and their quality is higher
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