Accompany Da Vinci's Super God Day
Chapter 18
Da Vinci's procrastination was already an open secret in Florence.
His teacher, Verrocchio, and himself, are indeed impressive works, hanging at home with both style and collection value.
But to ask him to paint, it may be just a deposit.
Last year, he completed the Medici order in just a few months, which has become an anecdote.
This time, the contract given to him by the monastery was full of six or seven pages, all in order to prevent him from disappearing midway.
The contract stipulated that he must first pay for various raw materials including gold leaf, and also gave a clear deadline—thirty months.
If thirty months passed and he hadn't delivered the manuscript on time, then all the parts he had painted would belong to the monastery, and he would not be reimbursed for any raw materials.
Heidi quite agrees with this part of the regulations.
She saw with her own eyes that this master could play with a piece of wood for an entire afternoon.
"But this payment method is too strange."
Heidi took out one of them and showed him the specific content inside.
If the entire order is successfully completed, da Vinci can get a lot of real estate near Florence.
——Those were donated to them by faithful believers.
As long as he got these houses, Leonardo da Vinci could sell them back to the monastery for three hundred florins, and pay another 150 florins to a young girl as a dowry.
"There's nothing wrong with that." Da Vinci stroked his chin and said, "That's what the land bequest agreement says."
Heidi didn't understand these rules and regulations, so she only emphasized her tone: "The dowry will be paid in installments in three months—do you have thirty florins on hand now?"
Da Vinci froze: "No."
"And you have to pad all the materials in advance, paint, gold, eggs-do you have the money?"
Da Vinci tried to deny it, but swallowed it back after a while.
"No."
The coming of the three magi to worship is one of the most famous scenes in religious paintings. Many famous painters including Xiao Tong have related works.
Three wise men followed a star to Bethlehem and offered Jesus gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh.
Just such a picture, all colors of gold, red, green and blue, and the murals consume a lot of paint, just like Da Vinci... I am afraid that the workshop will be lost to the monastery.
Heidi felt that she had explained it clearly, so she straightened out the contract and handed it back to him: "So think carefully, and don't do business that loses money."
Da Vinci thought about it for a moment, and got up directly with the contract: "I'll go talk to them."
At dusk, he turned back and seemed to have a new contract in his hand.
Here, Heidi was listening to the distant sound of the piano and reading a book, seeing him still smiling when he came back, she suddenly had a bad feeling.
"Are you done talking?"
"Well, the total remuneration is 130 florins, not talking about those houses." Da Vinci shook the contract in his hand: "Pay me fifty gold coins in advance, and hand over the work within two years. If you don't pay them, you will be compensated with two hundred gold coins."
Heidi took a deep breath.
She could literally see the rest of this guy's poor life.
"Your expression looks like that," Da Vinci stared at her and said, "Why is there any kind of pity?"
"Mr. Da Vinci—"
"It's Mr. Leonardo." Da Vinci corrected: "We are friends, so don't use honorifics."
"Mr. Leonardo," Heidi said emphatically, "If you delay the manuscript any longer, you may go bankrupt and go to jail."
"But after all—" Da Vinci was stunned after speaking halfway.
She was no longer his maid.
When he was usually lazy and distracted, no one brought orange juice to remind him of this and that.
He really can't finish it on time.
The brunette youth's face suddenly paled a lot.
"It's over." He took a deep breath: "I even signed the contract, and now I can't go back on my word."
Heidi originally wanted to chat for a few words before continuing to read, but now she is a little tangled.
If she doesn't help, maybe a morning star in the history of European civilization will be imprisoned because of debts, and even the Renaissance will be halfway back home to meet God.
"That's it." She coughed lightly and said, "I'll come oversee the work when I have time."
Da Vinci let out a long sigh of relief: "Then I'm saved."
"The premise is that you write a specific work schedule." Heidi said unrelentingly: "How much will be completed in what month, when will the draft be completed, and how many months will it be handed in."
Da Vinci raised a smile, waved his hand and said, "I'll help the theater finish the angel's halo and write it—"
"Write now."
"Then I'll go get something to eat and come back—"
"Now—write."
Someone went back to the room silently.
Heidi waited for a while, vaguely feeling something was wrong.
She knocked on the door and heard the sound of things being packed in a hurry.
Da Vinci wrote half of the work schedule and suddenly started to study goose feathers, and began to draw swans in his notebook. He didn't hear these knocks on the door, and he really had to write until midnight.
After the work progress was written, Heidi took a closer look and found that it only took ten months.
From thirty months, to twenty months, to ten months.
Sure enough, this guy's view of time is like the water in a sponge...
Now it's February, and that's that time again when the whole city starts drying pasta.
Long sheets of noodles can be glimpsed here and there in the sun, drying on the roofs and terraces of several homes.
Although the Lord's Palace seems to have only three floors, the height of the floors is astonishing, and it also feels like overlooking all living beings.
Heidi heard Dejo said that the microscope was ready, and was about to go to pick it up in person. Before leaving, Heidi glanced at the window, and it was indeed a city of ocher yellow with many geometric lines of bright yellow egg yolk scattered on it. Arranged into wavy lines and arcs.
The residents here like to grow orange trees on the roof and at the entrance, and the potted plants are surrounded by a circle of noodles, which is quite like some people playing performance art.
Florence was originally the capital of flowers in Italian, but now it seems that it should be called the headquarters of pasta.
The craftsman is really skilled. Not only did she make exactly the same drawing according to the light, but also made a light-focusing design according to her notes, which can fully meet the basic needs.
Heidi deliberately plucked out a hair and put it under the mirror. After adjusting the distance, it can be clearly magnified several times.
Her mood suddenly improved a lot, and she paid two silver coins more.
"Thank you—you are so kind." The glasses craftsman smiled from ear to ear: "Welcome to come again next time."
When they turned back, they had to cross the long town hall square to buy something at the pharmacy.
Before taking a few steps, suddenly many pigeons flew up in surprise, and then several women exclaimed, and many people rushed over.
What happened?
Heidi vaguely heard someone calling for help, and quickly handed the things in her hand to the maid, and squeezed into the crowd carefully.
A rather obese woman fell to the ground and fell into a coma.
It could be a heart attack!
She squeezed into the crowd subconsciously and called out loudly, "What's her name?"
"Alia!" A familiar voice panicked: "Alia Alessio!"
"Alia - wake up! Can you hear me?!"
The woman hadn't reacted at all, and there was no movement even when she pinched her palm.
Heidi bent her ear against her chest, and could no longer hear her heartbeat.
The pupils have begun to dilate, and the breathing in the nasal cavity is getting weaker and weaker.
No, you need first aid immediately.
She looked up to find a helper, and found Mr. Alessio standing beside him with a pale face.
"Come here - hold her neck with your left hand, press her forehead with your right hand, and let her head rise." She raised her voice: "Make sure she can breathe smoothly."
Under the watchful eyes of everyone, Heidi crossed her hands and began to hammer and press on the upper part of the woman's breastbone, counting in her heart, ready to give her artificial respiration at any time.
If she offends a person of the same sex in public, she may be convicted of the same crime as Da Vinci, it is best not to encounter such a thing...
Heidi didn't care too much, she just kept a distance and breathed mouth to mouth, and at the same time pressed hard on the woman's chest, wishing that she would recover soon.
Arecio was trembling and supporting his mother. At this moment, even the palms of his hands were cold, and his whole body was extremely nervous.
But at this moment, the woman who was still unconscious just now trembled suddenly, and her pupils began to shrink rapidly.
Her cheeks became rosy again, and her lips gradually became red.
Heidi waited until she woke up slowly, helped her to spit out the vomit in her throat, and finally breathed a sigh of relief.
As long as people are fine, everything else is secondary.
When the woman finally stood up with the help of Arecio, the crowd burst into cheers, and some people wanted to pull Heidi to let her see a doctor for their relatives.
——What a miraculous doctor, who was able to bring the dead back to life in public!
Heidi greeted them shyly, and comforted Mr. Arecio who was still in shock for a while, then turned around and ran back to the palace with the maid.
De Qiao naturally wants to report all these things truthfully to the higher authorities.
That night, she appeared in front of Heidi again.
"My lord, please."
The author has something to say: the monastery is a real story, please refer to the biography.
【January 1, manuscript deposit notes】
Top [-] Medieval Medical Techniques "Torture"
Author: David Morton
Medieval Medicine: From hot irons for hemorrhoids to bloodletting for just about any ailment; our guest author David Morton reveals the top [-] scariest of them all.
Volunteer translator team/Yan Shiyi, He Li Qihui, Vanilla Hill, Feng Xiaodan, Su Huangmi
1Surgery: Crude, blunt and very painful
Medieval surgery, crude, blunt and... painful!Surgeons know little about human anatomy, anesthesia, and antimicrobial antiseptic techniques to keep wounds and incisions free of infection.
Surgeons in the early medieval period were generally monks because they had access to the best medical literature—often by Arabic scholars.But in 1215, the Pope banned the monks from performing surgery; so they instructed the peasants to perform various operations.Farmers, who have little experience beyond castrating animals, are in demand for everything from removing painful dental abscesses to performing cataract surgery.
But some great successes do exist.British archaeologists have unearthed the skull of a peasant from around 1100 who suffered a blow to the head with a heavy blunt instrument.Meticulous examination revealed that the man had undergone a life-saving procedure known as a perforation; a hole would be drilled and part of the skull would be lifted to allow the ruptured skull fragments to be easily removed.The operation relieved pressure on the brain and the man recovered.We can only guess how painful the process was! (Translated by Yan Shiyi)
2 Belladonna (Dwale): A natural anesthetic that can cause death
Medieval surgery was, in fact, only used in emergencies where death was a threat.One reason is that there was no reliable anesthetic available at the time to relieve the excruciating pain of the rough cutting process.Some drugs, used to relieve pain or induce drowsiness, can be fatal.An example is a concoction of lettuce juice, castrated boar gall, gourd grass, poppy, scopolamine, hemlock juice, and vinegar.It will be mixed with wine and served to the sick.
The Middle English word used to describe an anesthetic is "dwale" (pronounced dwaluh).
Hemlock juice alone is also very deadly.Although anesthetics can induce deep sleep and allow surgical procedures to proceed, they can also be so strong that the patient stops breathing.
Paracelsus, a medieval Swiss physicist, first used ether as an anesthetic.But ether was not widely accepted, and its use gradually declined. It was rediscovered in the United States more than 300 years later.Paracelsus also used laudanum, a tincture of poppy, to relieve pain. (Translated by Yan Shiyi)
3 Charms: Pagan Rituals and Religious Confessions as a Healing
Early medieval medicine was often a mixture of paganism, religion, and science.As the church gained more control, pagan "rituals" became punishable crimes.Such a punishable offense might be as follows: "When [the doctor] is near the patient's residence, if [the doctor] finds a stone nearby, [he] will turn the stone over to see if there is anything under the stone. If [the doctor] Find worms, flies, ants, or anything alive, and they [doctors] say that sick people will be cured.”
Plague patients were asked to practice penance—a practice of confession—and then to perform religious devotion prescribed by priests—a common "cure."They were told that if they confessed correctly, they might be spared death. (Translated by Li Qihui)
Cataract surgery for 4 eyes: the process is painful but it is difficult to save the patient's vision
Early cataract removal surgery involved inserting a sharp instrument, a small knife, or a large needle through the cornea into the back of the eyeball to force the eye's lens out of the lens capsule.
In medieval Europe, Islamic medicine became more widespread and cataract surgery improved.A syringe is used to aspirate the cataract.A hollow metal syringe was inserted through the white part of the eye and the cataract was successfully extracted by suction. (Translated by Li Qihui)
5 Bladder obstruction: metal catheter inserted into the bladder
In the absence of antibiotics, it is common for urine to clog the bladder due to STDs such as syphilis.A urinary catheter—a metal tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder—was first used in the mid-thirteenth century.When the catheter is difficult to insert into the bladder to unblock it, some other method has to be used.Some of these methods are novel but, like the disease itself, painful and dangerous.
Here is a description of the treatment of kidney stones: "If there is a stone in the bladder, make sure of the following: Have an able-bodied man sit on a bench with his feet on a stool; the patient sits on his lap , fix the patient's legs around his neck with bandages, or fix them on his shoulders, and keep them steady. The doctor faces the patient and inserts two fingers of his right hand into his anus, and makes a fist with his left hand to press the patient's genitals. With fingers from The above starts to check the whole bladder. If he finds a hard and solid lump, it is a stone... If he wants to get the stone out, he must eat lightly and fast for two days before that. By the third day, find stone, push it to the entrance of the bladder neck, make a longitudinal incision with a tool, and then take it out with two fingers." (Translated by Vanilla Hill)
6 Surgeons on the battlefield: drawing arrows is a nasty protégé
In the Middle Ages, the use of the longbow was not particularly fashionable.It is a strong bow that can greatly increase the range of the bow.And this created a real problem for surgeons in the field: how to remove bows and arrows from wounded soldiers.
Bows and arrows used on the battlefield do not need to be glued to the shaft, but are attached with warm beeswax.After the beeswax solidifies, the arrow can be used normally.But once the arrow is pierced into other objects, and the arrow shaft is pulled out, the arrow will remain in the object because it falls off.
One way is to use the arrowhead spoon, which was invented by an Arab doctor named Albuqassis.This spoon is inserted into the wound and held in position around the arrowhead so that it does not scratch the barb when the arrowhead is pulled out.
Such wounds are also commonly treated with cautery.At this time, in order to prevent excessive blood loss and infection, a high-temperature iron will be used to seal the tissue and veins of the wound.Cautery is even more highly regarded in amputations.
There is a famous illustration titled "The Wounded" to describe the surgeon.From it, it can be seen that a field surgeon may need to face and deal with various wounds. (Translated by Vanilla Hill)
7 Phlebotomy: a wonderful cure for almost all minor diseases
Medieval physicians believed that most human ailments were caused by excess fluid in the body (called "humour").Therefore, the way of treatment is to remove the excess fluid in the body through a large number of bloodletting.The two methods of bloodletting are leeching and venesection.
During the leech method, doctors place leeches, blood-sucking worms, on the patient, usually on the part of the patient's body most affected by the injury.Bugs only drop after eating a certain amount of blood.
Phlebotomy is the direct cutting of a blood vessel (usually from the inside of the arm) to drain a substantial amount of blood.The tool used to cut the vein is a phlebotomy (fleam), a narrow half-inch blade that pierces the blood vessel leaving only a tiny incision.The released blood flowed into a measuring bowl.
Whether the monks in the monastery were sick or not, they had regular bloodletting treatment.This regular treatment is considered the way to maintain good health.It takes days for them to recover and return to their daily routines. (Translated by Feng Xiaodan)
8 Childbirth: Woman told to prepare for death
Childbirth was considered so deadly in the Middle Ages that the church told pregnant women to prepare their shrouds and perform penance in case of possible death.
Midwives have an important role for the church due to their emergency baptisms and are regulated by Roman Catholic law.A popular medieval saying was "the better the witch, the better the midwife." To prevent witchcraft, the church required midwives to be certified by a bishop and took an oath that no magic would be used during births.
In situations where the baby is malpositioned and the labor process is slowed down, the personnel present move the baby within the womb or shake the bed in an attempt to change the baby's position externally.A dead baby that fails to deliver is broken up in utero by sharps and removed with a squeezer.The retained placenta is pulled out vigorously by opposing forces. (Translated by Feng Xiaodan)
9 Enema: A Medieval Method of Injecting Medicine into the Anus
An enema is the medieval medical term for bowel cleansing, literally using a tool to inject fluid into the body through the anus.An enema is a long metal tube that ends in a cup through which the medicine is injected.At the other end is a blunt needle drilled with several small holes, which is inserted into the anus.People pour liquid into it and use the pumping action to use the plunger to inject fluid into the colon area.
The most common liquid used for medieval enemas was lukewarm water, and occasionally mixed medicines were used, such as diluted wild boar's bile or vinegar.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the medieval enema was replaced by the more common bulbous syringe.This treatment became very popular in France.King Louis XIV administered more than 2000 enemas during his reign, sometimes while having an enema. (Translated by Su Huangmi)
10 Hemorrhoids: Anal Pain Healed With a Hot Iron
Medieval treatments for many ailments included prayers to patron saints for their protection.Saint Fiac, a seventh-century Irish monk, was the patron saint of hemorrhoid sufferers.One day he got hemorrhoids while digging in the garden, and when he sat on a stone, he was miraculously cured.The imprint of his hemorrhoids remained on the stone, and many people came to visit the stone, hoping to receive similar treatment.In the Middle Ages, the disease was often referred to as "Saint Fiac's Curse".
For more severe cases of hemorrhoids, medieval physicians used a soldering iron to address the problem.Others believe that simply pulling hemorrhoids out with a fingernail will do the trick, which was also suggested by the Greek physician Hippocrates.
Moses Maimonides, a 12th-century Jewish physician who wrote a seven-chapter treatise on hemorrhoids, disagreed with the use of surgery and instead gave the most common treatment today: the sitzbath. (Translated by Su Huangmi)
His teacher, Verrocchio, and himself, are indeed impressive works, hanging at home with both style and collection value.
But to ask him to paint, it may be just a deposit.
Last year, he completed the Medici order in just a few months, which has become an anecdote.
This time, the contract given to him by the monastery was full of six or seven pages, all in order to prevent him from disappearing midway.
The contract stipulated that he must first pay for various raw materials including gold leaf, and also gave a clear deadline—thirty months.
If thirty months passed and he hadn't delivered the manuscript on time, then all the parts he had painted would belong to the monastery, and he would not be reimbursed for any raw materials.
Heidi quite agrees with this part of the regulations.
She saw with her own eyes that this master could play with a piece of wood for an entire afternoon.
"But this payment method is too strange."
Heidi took out one of them and showed him the specific content inside.
If the entire order is successfully completed, da Vinci can get a lot of real estate near Florence.
——Those were donated to them by faithful believers.
As long as he got these houses, Leonardo da Vinci could sell them back to the monastery for three hundred florins, and pay another 150 florins to a young girl as a dowry.
"There's nothing wrong with that." Da Vinci stroked his chin and said, "That's what the land bequest agreement says."
Heidi didn't understand these rules and regulations, so she only emphasized her tone: "The dowry will be paid in installments in three months—do you have thirty florins on hand now?"
Da Vinci froze: "No."
"And you have to pad all the materials in advance, paint, gold, eggs-do you have the money?"
Da Vinci tried to deny it, but swallowed it back after a while.
"No."
The coming of the three magi to worship is one of the most famous scenes in religious paintings. Many famous painters including Xiao Tong have related works.
Three wise men followed a star to Bethlehem and offered Jesus gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh.
Just such a picture, all colors of gold, red, green and blue, and the murals consume a lot of paint, just like Da Vinci... I am afraid that the workshop will be lost to the monastery.
Heidi felt that she had explained it clearly, so she straightened out the contract and handed it back to him: "So think carefully, and don't do business that loses money."
Da Vinci thought about it for a moment, and got up directly with the contract: "I'll go talk to them."
At dusk, he turned back and seemed to have a new contract in his hand.
Here, Heidi was listening to the distant sound of the piano and reading a book, seeing him still smiling when he came back, she suddenly had a bad feeling.
"Are you done talking?"
"Well, the total remuneration is 130 florins, not talking about those houses." Da Vinci shook the contract in his hand: "Pay me fifty gold coins in advance, and hand over the work within two years. If you don't pay them, you will be compensated with two hundred gold coins."
Heidi took a deep breath.
She could literally see the rest of this guy's poor life.
"Your expression looks like that," Da Vinci stared at her and said, "Why is there any kind of pity?"
"Mr. Da Vinci—"
"It's Mr. Leonardo." Da Vinci corrected: "We are friends, so don't use honorifics."
"Mr. Leonardo," Heidi said emphatically, "If you delay the manuscript any longer, you may go bankrupt and go to jail."
"But after all—" Da Vinci was stunned after speaking halfway.
She was no longer his maid.
When he was usually lazy and distracted, no one brought orange juice to remind him of this and that.
He really can't finish it on time.
The brunette youth's face suddenly paled a lot.
"It's over." He took a deep breath: "I even signed the contract, and now I can't go back on my word."
Heidi originally wanted to chat for a few words before continuing to read, but now she is a little tangled.
If she doesn't help, maybe a morning star in the history of European civilization will be imprisoned because of debts, and even the Renaissance will be halfway back home to meet God.
"That's it." She coughed lightly and said, "I'll come oversee the work when I have time."
Da Vinci let out a long sigh of relief: "Then I'm saved."
"The premise is that you write a specific work schedule." Heidi said unrelentingly: "How much will be completed in what month, when will the draft be completed, and how many months will it be handed in."
Da Vinci raised a smile, waved his hand and said, "I'll help the theater finish the angel's halo and write it—"
"Write now."
"Then I'll go get something to eat and come back—"
"Now—write."
Someone went back to the room silently.
Heidi waited for a while, vaguely feeling something was wrong.
She knocked on the door and heard the sound of things being packed in a hurry.
Da Vinci wrote half of the work schedule and suddenly started to study goose feathers, and began to draw swans in his notebook. He didn't hear these knocks on the door, and he really had to write until midnight.
After the work progress was written, Heidi took a closer look and found that it only took ten months.
From thirty months, to twenty months, to ten months.
Sure enough, this guy's view of time is like the water in a sponge...
Now it's February, and that's that time again when the whole city starts drying pasta.
Long sheets of noodles can be glimpsed here and there in the sun, drying on the roofs and terraces of several homes.
Although the Lord's Palace seems to have only three floors, the height of the floors is astonishing, and it also feels like overlooking all living beings.
Heidi heard Dejo said that the microscope was ready, and was about to go to pick it up in person. Before leaving, Heidi glanced at the window, and it was indeed a city of ocher yellow with many geometric lines of bright yellow egg yolk scattered on it. Arranged into wavy lines and arcs.
The residents here like to grow orange trees on the roof and at the entrance, and the potted plants are surrounded by a circle of noodles, which is quite like some people playing performance art.
Florence was originally the capital of flowers in Italian, but now it seems that it should be called the headquarters of pasta.
The craftsman is really skilled. Not only did she make exactly the same drawing according to the light, but also made a light-focusing design according to her notes, which can fully meet the basic needs.
Heidi deliberately plucked out a hair and put it under the mirror. After adjusting the distance, it can be clearly magnified several times.
Her mood suddenly improved a lot, and she paid two silver coins more.
"Thank you—you are so kind." The glasses craftsman smiled from ear to ear: "Welcome to come again next time."
When they turned back, they had to cross the long town hall square to buy something at the pharmacy.
Before taking a few steps, suddenly many pigeons flew up in surprise, and then several women exclaimed, and many people rushed over.
What happened?
Heidi vaguely heard someone calling for help, and quickly handed the things in her hand to the maid, and squeezed into the crowd carefully.
A rather obese woman fell to the ground and fell into a coma.
It could be a heart attack!
She squeezed into the crowd subconsciously and called out loudly, "What's her name?"
"Alia!" A familiar voice panicked: "Alia Alessio!"
"Alia - wake up! Can you hear me?!"
The woman hadn't reacted at all, and there was no movement even when she pinched her palm.
Heidi bent her ear against her chest, and could no longer hear her heartbeat.
The pupils have begun to dilate, and the breathing in the nasal cavity is getting weaker and weaker.
No, you need first aid immediately.
She looked up to find a helper, and found Mr. Alessio standing beside him with a pale face.
"Come here - hold her neck with your left hand, press her forehead with your right hand, and let her head rise." She raised her voice: "Make sure she can breathe smoothly."
Under the watchful eyes of everyone, Heidi crossed her hands and began to hammer and press on the upper part of the woman's breastbone, counting in her heart, ready to give her artificial respiration at any time.
If she offends a person of the same sex in public, she may be convicted of the same crime as Da Vinci, it is best not to encounter such a thing...
Heidi didn't care too much, she just kept a distance and breathed mouth to mouth, and at the same time pressed hard on the woman's chest, wishing that she would recover soon.
Arecio was trembling and supporting his mother. At this moment, even the palms of his hands were cold, and his whole body was extremely nervous.
But at this moment, the woman who was still unconscious just now trembled suddenly, and her pupils began to shrink rapidly.
Her cheeks became rosy again, and her lips gradually became red.
Heidi waited until she woke up slowly, helped her to spit out the vomit in her throat, and finally breathed a sigh of relief.
As long as people are fine, everything else is secondary.
When the woman finally stood up with the help of Arecio, the crowd burst into cheers, and some people wanted to pull Heidi to let her see a doctor for their relatives.
——What a miraculous doctor, who was able to bring the dead back to life in public!
Heidi greeted them shyly, and comforted Mr. Arecio who was still in shock for a while, then turned around and ran back to the palace with the maid.
De Qiao naturally wants to report all these things truthfully to the higher authorities.
That night, she appeared in front of Heidi again.
"My lord, please."
The author has something to say: the monastery is a real story, please refer to the biography.
【January 1, manuscript deposit notes】
Top [-] Medieval Medical Techniques "Torture"
Author: David Morton
Medieval Medicine: From hot irons for hemorrhoids to bloodletting for just about any ailment; our guest author David Morton reveals the top [-] scariest of them all.
Volunteer translator team/Yan Shiyi, He Li Qihui, Vanilla Hill, Feng Xiaodan, Su Huangmi
1Surgery: Crude, blunt and very painful
Medieval surgery, crude, blunt and... painful!Surgeons know little about human anatomy, anesthesia, and antimicrobial antiseptic techniques to keep wounds and incisions free of infection.
Surgeons in the early medieval period were generally monks because they had access to the best medical literature—often by Arabic scholars.But in 1215, the Pope banned the monks from performing surgery; so they instructed the peasants to perform various operations.Farmers, who have little experience beyond castrating animals, are in demand for everything from removing painful dental abscesses to performing cataract surgery.
But some great successes do exist.British archaeologists have unearthed the skull of a peasant from around 1100 who suffered a blow to the head with a heavy blunt instrument.Meticulous examination revealed that the man had undergone a life-saving procedure known as a perforation; a hole would be drilled and part of the skull would be lifted to allow the ruptured skull fragments to be easily removed.The operation relieved pressure on the brain and the man recovered.We can only guess how painful the process was! (Translated by Yan Shiyi)
2 Belladonna (Dwale): A natural anesthetic that can cause death
Medieval surgery was, in fact, only used in emergencies where death was a threat.One reason is that there was no reliable anesthetic available at the time to relieve the excruciating pain of the rough cutting process.Some drugs, used to relieve pain or induce drowsiness, can be fatal.An example is a concoction of lettuce juice, castrated boar gall, gourd grass, poppy, scopolamine, hemlock juice, and vinegar.It will be mixed with wine and served to the sick.
The Middle English word used to describe an anesthetic is "dwale" (pronounced dwaluh).
Hemlock juice alone is also very deadly.Although anesthetics can induce deep sleep and allow surgical procedures to proceed, they can also be so strong that the patient stops breathing.
Paracelsus, a medieval Swiss physicist, first used ether as an anesthetic.But ether was not widely accepted, and its use gradually declined. It was rediscovered in the United States more than 300 years later.Paracelsus also used laudanum, a tincture of poppy, to relieve pain. (Translated by Yan Shiyi)
3 Charms: Pagan Rituals and Religious Confessions as a Healing
Early medieval medicine was often a mixture of paganism, religion, and science.As the church gained more control, pagan "rituals" became punishable crimes.Such a punishable offense might be as follows: "When [the doctor] is near the patient's residence, if [the doctor] finds a stone nearby, [he] will turn the stone over to see if there is anything under the stone. If [the doctor] Find worms, flies, ants, or anything alive, and they [doctors] say that sick people will be cured.”
Plague patients were asked to practice penance—a practice of confession—and then to perform religious devotion prescribed by priests—a common "cure."They were told that if they confessed correctly, they might be spared death. (Translated by Li Qihui)
Cataract surgery for 4 eyes: the process is painful but it is difficult to save the patient's vision
Early cataract removal surgery involved inserting a sharp instrument, a small knife, or a large needle through the cornea into the back of the eyeball to force the eye's lens out of the lens capsule.
In medieval Europe, Islamic medicine became more widespread and cataract surgery improved.A syringe is used to aspirate the cataract.A hollow metal syringe was inserted through the white part of the eye and the cataract was successfully extracted by suction. (Translated by Li Qihui)
5 Bladder obstruction: metal catheter inserted into the bladder
In the absence of antibiotics, it is common for urine to clog the bladder due to STDs such as syphilis.A urinary catheter—a metal tube inserted through the urethra into the bladder—was first used in the mid-thirteenth century.When the catheter is difficult to insert into the bladder to unblock it, some other method has to be used.Some of these methods are novel but, like the disease itself, painful and dangerous.
Here is a description of the treatment of kidney stones: "If there is a stone in the bladder, make sure of the following: Have an able-bodied man sit on a bench with his feet on a stool; the patient sits on his lap , fix the patient's legs around his neck with bandages, or fix them on his shoulders, and keep them steady. The doctor faces the patient and inserts two fingers of his right hand into his anus, and makes a fist with his left hand to press the patient's genitals. With fingers from The above starts to check the whole bladder. If he finds a hard and solid lump, it is a stone... If he wants to get the stone out, he must eat lightly and fast for two days before that. By the third day, find stone, push it to the entrance of the bladder neck, make a longitudinal incision with a tool, and then take it out with two fingers." (Translated by Vanilla Hill)
6 Surgeons on the battlefield: drawing arrows is a nasty protégé
In the Middle Ages, the use of the longbow was not particularly fashionable.It is a strong bow that can greatly increase the range of the bow.And this created a real problem for surgeons in the field: how to remove bows and arrows from wounded soldiers.
Bows and arrows used on the battlefield do not need to be glued to the shaft, but are attached with warm beeswax.After the beeswax solidifies, the arrow can be used normally.But once the arrow is pierced into other objects, and the arrow shaft is pulled out, the arrow will remain in the object because it falls off.
One way is to use the arrowhead spoon, which was invented by an Arab doctor named Albuqassis.This spoon is inserted into the wound and held in position around the arrowhead so that it does not scratch the barb when the arrowhead is pulled out.
Such wounds are also commonly treated with cautery.At this time, in order to prevent excessive blood loss and infection, a high-temperature iron will be used to seal the tissue and veins of the wound.Cautery is even more highly regarded in amputations.
There is a famous illustration titled "The Wounded" to describe the surgeon.From it, it can be seen that a field surgeon may need to face and deal with various wounds. (Translated by Vanilla Hill)
7 Phlebotomy: a wonderful cure for almost all minor diseases
Medieval physicians believed that most human ailments were caused by excess fluid in the body (called "humour").Therefore, the way of treatment is to remove the excess fluid in the body through a large number of bloodletting.The two methods of bloodletting are leeching and venesection.
During the leech method, doctors place leeches, blood-sucking worms, on the patient, usually on the part of the patient's body most affected by the injury.Bugs only drop after eating a certain amount of blood.
Phlebotomy is the direct cutting of a blood vessel (usually from the inside of the arm) to drain a substantial amount of blood.The tool used to cut the vein is a phlebotomy (fleam), a narrow half-inch blade that pierces the blood vessel leaving only a tiny incision.The released blood flowed into a measuring bowl.
Whether the monks in the monastery were sick or not, they had regular bloodletting treatment.This regular treatment is considered the way to maintain good health.It takes days for them to recover and return to their daily routines. (Translated by Feng Xiaodan)
8 Childbirth: Woman told to prepare for death
Childbirth was considered so deadly in the Middle Ages that the church told pregnant women to prepare their shrouds and perform penance in case of possible death.
Midwives have an important role for the church due to their emergency baptisms and are regulated by Roman Catholic law.A popular medieval saying was "the better the witch, the better the midwife." To prevent witchcraft, the church required midwives to be certified by a bishop and took an oath that no magic would be used during births.
In situations where the baby is malpositioned and the labor process is slowed down, the personnel present move the baby within the womb or shake the bed in an attempt to change the baby's position externally.A dead baby that fails to deliver is broken up in utero by sharps and removed with a squeezer.The retained placenta is pulled out vigorously by opposing forces. (Translated by Feng Xiaodan)
9 Enema: A Medieval Method of Injecting Medicine into the Anus
An enema is the medieval medical term for bowel cleansing, literally using a tool to inject fluid into the body through the anus.An enema is a long metal tube that ends in a cup through which the medicine is injected.At the other end is a blunt needle drilled with several small holes, which is inserted into the anus.People pour liquid into it and use the pumping action to use the plunger to inject fluid into the colon area.
The most common liquid used for medieval enemas was lukewarm water, and occasionally mixed medicines were used, such as diluted wild boar's bile or vinegar.
During the 16th and 17th centuries, the medieval enema was replaced by the more common bulbous syringe.This treatment became very popular in France.King Louis XIV administered more than 2000 enemas during his reign, sometimes while having an enema. (Translated by Su Huangmi)
10 Hemorrhoids: Anal Pain Healed With a Hot Iron
Medieval treatments for many ailments included prayers to patron saints for their protection.Saint Fiac, a seventh-century Irish monk, was the patron saint of hemorrhoid sufferers.One day he got hemorrhoids while digging in the garden, and when he sat on a stone, he was miraculously cured.The imprint of his hemorrhoids remained on the stone, and many people came to visit the stone, hoping to receive similar treatment.In the Middle Ages, the disease was often referred to as "Saint Fiac's Curse".
For more severe cases of hemorrhoids, medieval physicians used a soldering iron to address the problem.Others believe that simply pulling hemorrhoids out with a fingernail will do the trick, which was also suggested by the Greek physician Hippocrates.
Moses Maimonides, a 12th-century Jewish physician who wrote a seven-chapter treatise on hemorrhoids, disagreed with the use of surgery and instead gave the most common treatment today: the sitzbath. (Translated by Su Huangmi)
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