Comprehensive Qiong Yao's Crimson Love

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☆, Interlude a segment~

The author has something to say: Let’s popularize knowledge~

But this article by Weiqing will not pay attention to these, because everyone is not used to it!This situation has become a convention, just like Qianlong’s concubine’s boudoir name Jingxian, the first author probably chose this name because Ulanara’s concubine’s title before becoming queen was “Xian”. !But regardless of the fact that most of the Manchu women’s names at that time were full of names—such as Flana, Yaliqi, Yihana, Yaertan, and Xi Minkot—let’s say that her title was “Xian”, It is impossible to have the word "Xian" in her name, which should be avoided.But it's good that everyone knows it, so don't go too deep into it...

Nowadays, there are dizzying TV dramas about the court of the Qing Dynasty on the silver screen. Leaving aside gags and distorted historical jokes, the laws and regulations, housing, clothing, and especially titles and conversations in the dramas are all arbitrary, and most of them do not match the historical reality.

The Qing Dynasty paid the most attention to national law and etiquette, and the etiquette and appellation in the officialdom were extremely measured, especially when the emperor or empress dowager summoned the ministers at home and abroad, and the ministers had to abide by the etiquette system when they met and played against each other.If you don’t pay attention to it, you will be "lost in manners". The lightest ones will also be fined (salary suspension), and the serious ones will be degraded, lost their official positions or even sentenced to prison, because there are etiquette rules, and seeing the emperor is one of the six departments. .But now in a large number of TV dramas (including historical novels) with the theme of the Qing Dynasty, the titles and speeches are full of mistakes.We often see ministers meeting the emperor or the empress dowager in TV dramas of the Qing Dynasty, often calling them "long live" or "auspicious queen mother", "auspicious Lafayette", etc., which is completely inconsistent with the etiquette system of the Qing Dynasty.The civil and military officials of the Qing Dynasty were summoned by the emperor or the empress dowager, and they should all kneel down. Han ministers must call themselves "Minister ××× respectfully invites the emperor to be safe" or "Minister ××× respectfully invites the empress dowager to be safe", while Manchu ministers call themselves "minions". ".Empresses, concubines, and ministers of the Manchu and Han Dynasties called the emperor "emperor" no matter in person or behind the scenes, and only the empress dowager or empress dowager called the emperor "emperor".There were only a few exceptions in the history of the Qing Dynasty.For example, during the reign of Xuantong, according to Puyi’s recollection: “All the empress dowagers and concubines called me the emperor, my own parents and grandmother also called me the same, and everyone else called me the emperor” (see "The First Half of My Life", Qunzhong Publishing House, 2003 edition 58).This is not only because Zaifeng is the regent of Jianguo, but also the biological father of Puyi (Emperor Xuantong), otherwise he cannot be called "emperor".

The Manchus in the banner sometimes called the emperor "Master", but they would not call him "Long Live". "Long live" and the like are titles on the theater stage, and ministers would never call the emperor that way.In the Yongzheng Dynasty, not to mention the verbal "Long Live", even if the words "Long Live Without Borders" and "Long Live" appeared in memorials, they would be reprimanded, because Yongzheng hated this kind of flattering and flattering words the most.After the mid-Qing Dynasty, the emperor's close servants, eunuchs, and court ladies began to call the reigning emperor "Long Live Lord", and added year names before the word "Ye" to the dead emperor, such as "Kangxi Lord" and "Qianlong Lord".The files about the emperor recorded by the eunuchs and the Ministry of Internal Affairs are also marked as "Long Live Ye Files" and the like.However, this is also limited to a small number of eunuchs, and ministers would not call them that.

As for titles such as "the queen mother is auspicious" and "the Lafayette is auspicious", it is even more absurd.The emperor, concubines, ministers of the Manchu and Han Dynasties, and most officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and eunuchs are called "Empress Dowager" no matter in person or behind their backs.Daojixiang is a popular greeting in eunuch circles. Emperors, concubines, and ministers would never use the greetings among lower-level eunuchs to address the empress dowager.In the Qing Dynasty, only some low-level officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs would exchange auspicious wishes with prominent eunuchs to show their closeness.As for "Lafayette", it was a synonym for Cixi called Cixi behind the back by a small number of eunuchs and officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs in the late Qing Dynasty to show favor and closeness, but they never dared to call it in person (according to records, there are also those who call "Old Ancestor" ).During the Tongzhi period, the empress dowagers of the two palaces listened to the government behind the curtain. In order to distinguish them, the ministers would use honor titles to distinguish them in official documents. "Ci'an" and "Cixi" are the first two words in the title), and they will be referred to as "East Queen Mother" and "West Queen Mother" behind them, but they will not call Nala "Lafayette" in person or behind their backs, because This is not allowed by the etiquette system.For the dead empress dowager, the ministers should use their posthumous titles when they mention them, such as the Nala family, they are called "Empress Dowager Xiaoqin".In fact, there are very few eunuchs who call "Lafayette" behind their backs. Generally, the queen mothers of the East and West will be referred to as "East Side" and "West Side" for short, and the emperor is called "Superior". The name "Lafayette" did not actually start with the Queen Mother. Because of his longevity, Emperor Qianlong called him "Lafayette" and "Old Man" behind his back, but the ministers would not call him that.Unofficial history records: Ji Xiaolan once called Qianlong an "old man" behind his back, but Qianlong just heard about it and wanted to punish him.Ji's witty explanation turned Qianlong's anger into joy.Regardless of whether it is true or not, it can be seen that the ministers cannot call the emperor casually behind their backs.

The title of "Old Man" still existed until the end of the Qing Dynasty, such as Puyi's wet nurse called him (see "My First Half of Life").

For concubines, the eunuch called "Master".Because the emperor had more than one concubine, the title was given in front, such as Guangxu's concubine Zhenfei was called "Zhenzhu", and Yufei was called "Yuzhu" to show the distinction.The written text is called "theme".As for the title of the prince, it's not like "Elder Brother" in movies and TV dramas now.In the Qing Dynasty, there were differences in the address of the prince by different identities. "Elder brother" was the title given to the prince by the ministers, and the officials of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and eunuchs were all called "X Lord" according to the prince's ranking.The written text is called "Huang×zi" according to the ranking.Before the emperor's daughter was conferred the title of princess, she was always called "Gege".

Ministers mentioned the dead emperors when they played against the emperor, and they would not say such words as "Kangxi Lord" and "Qianlong Lord". This is the language of the eunuchs who were close to them. Qianlong, Jiaqing called it "Huang Kao", and ministers must call Qianlong's temple name and posthumous title "Gaozongchun Emperor".The same is true of Qing palace archives and documents. The emperor's reign is marked with the year name, and the dead emperor is marked with the temple name and posthumous title.

In addition, it is common for the emperor to refer to the position of the minister in film and television dramas, or when the minister refers to others to the emperor, he refers to the position or "Master ×", which did not conform to the system at that time.When the emperor or empress dowager received ministers in the Qing Dynasty, no matter how high their status was or how old they were, they would always call them by their first names.When the emperor and ministers mentioned other people in their conversations, they always called them by their first names.Even if you are a prince, you are not called a title.Only when the emperor or empress dowager mentions the prince to others, will he not call him by his name directly but call him "Prince ×".There were only a few exceptions in the Qing Dynasty. For example, during the Shunzhi period, the Shunzhi emperor Dorgon, the regent, did not call him by his name, but called "imperial uncle" and "imperial father"; during the Xuantong period, Prince Chun Zaifeng was not only the regent , and the biological father of Emperor Xuantong Puyi, so Puyi called him "Prince".As for Emperor Tongzhi's uncle, Prince Gong Yijujin, who was the ruler of the government, he had great power and a high status, but he was only exempted from certain rituals of kneeling and worshiping at court, and the title was still in accordance with the regulations.In addition, the Qing Dynasty especially respected the emperor's teachers. To show their respect, they would often call them "Mr." instead of their names.For example, Emperor Qianlong's teacher Zhu Shi, Emperor Qianlong respected his long-term learning and moral character very much. To show his respect, he specially called "Mr. Keting Zhu" ("Keting" is Zhu Shi's nickname, and the ancients called him the other's name to show respect. ).For other ministers, no matter how old they are, no matter how profound their knowledge, no matter how famous they are, the emperor still calls them by their first names.

As far as we can see, among a large number of Qing Dynasty-themed film and television dramas and novels, the titles and conversations of the emperor, empress dowager and ministers in Taiwan Gao Yang (Xu Yiyan)'s Qing Dynasty series of novels basically conform to the etiquette system at that time, and they are not misleading. .

In Qing Dynasty-themed film and television dramas, there are often scenes where the emperor meets with ministers to talk, but no matter the form, location, clothing or even the way of conversation does not conform to the etiquette system of the Qing Dynasty.This gave the audience an illusion that the emperor of the Qing Dynasty had an extremely casual conversation with ministers.

In the Qing Dynasty, apart from the state ceremonies and court meetings, there were two ways for the emperor to meet ministers: Summoning (commonly known as "calling up") and introducing (commonly known as "delivering signs").In the Qing Dynasty, the ministers played events, which were divided into folded performances and face-to-face performances. The ministers could ask the emperor to see him. If the emperor needed to discuss military and state affairs, he would summon the former imperial ministers, military ministers, six ministries and nine ministers, etc.In addition, appointed civil and military officials of a certain level must also meet with the emperor before taking office, which is called "introduction".

In the Qing Dynasty, major celebrations such as enthronement were held in the Hall of Supreme Harmony, and the emperor's government discussions were generally held at the Qianqing Gate, where thrones and imperial cases were temporarily set up.But summoning and introducing officials is not here.Summoned more than Dong Nuan Pavilion of the Hall of Mental Cultivation, and introduced more than the Ming Hall of the Hall of Mental Cultivation.Others, such as Chengde Sanctuary Villa, Yuanmingyuan, etc., are determined by the emperor's hunting and summer vacation.For example, the locations in film and television dramas often simulate the summoning and introduction of the Hall of Supreme Harmony, which is not in line with the habits of the time.

The summoning must be led by the prince, the imperial minister, and the leading military minister in turn to lead the ministers to meet the emperor.The introduction requires advanced list, resume, green head lottery, and one or several people have an audience.Nowadays, in film and television dramas, the emperor and ministers may be seen sitting on an equal footing, or standing and talking, which was absolutely impossible at that time.When summoning or introducing officials, the eunuch must first deliver an order by the eunuch at the memorial office, call the person to be summoned by his name, and lead him into the house. When the minister comes in, he must kneel down first and say, "I respectfully invite the emperor to be safe." They must be called "slaves". After standing up, they walked to the wooden kang where the emperor was sitting, knelt down on the preset white felt mat, and the emperor answered questions immediately.When many people participate in the summons, only the leader can answer, and others cannot interrupt; the people summoned cannot talk to each other, and only the emperor can answer when asked.Unlike the current film and television dramas, it seems to be a discussion meeting.No matter how long the summoning or introduction takes, the officials must kneel and play until the emperor allows "kneeling down" to indicate the end of the conversation, and then they can stand up, retreat to the door, turn around and exit.In the Qing Dynasty, only a very small number of people could sit or stand and talk to the emperor because of their special status.For example, during the Shunzhi period, the "uncle of the emperor" Regent Dorgon was exempted from etiquette, and during the Kangxi period, the Minister Gu ordered Aobai to sit down and talk, while Prince Gong, the Prince of Discussion at the same time, and Prince Chun, the regent of Jianguo, could stand and talk with the emperor.But it is not always the same. For example, when Prince Gong was in Tongzhi, he could stand and talk as a political king, but he had to kneel when entering the door.In Guangxu, Prince Gong was only the foreman of the military minister, so he had to kneel and play.

The dialogue between the ministers and the emperor during the kneeling performance was extremely concise and to the point, unlike the long-winded and endless chatter in today's film and television dramas.Because the more wordy the speech, the longer the kneeling time.We now look at the records of the summons in the archives of the Qing Dynasty. Generally, the emperor asked a lot of questions, and the ministers answered briefly and briefly, with almost no nonsense.Kneeling to play is a painful thing, so the ministers of the Qing Dynasty had an unwritten rule: "No matter what is right, the three languages ​​must be used as the lead, and it must be simple and simple, and there is no need to go to (the emperor) to ask."Moreover, thick cotton wool is used to make knee pads to avoid pain caused by kneeling for too long.And practice often to avoid "disrespect" (before the Qing emperor was punished for "disrespect").According to records written in the Qing Dynasty, Wang Wenshao, Minister of Military Affairs at the same time, was 70 years old and still practiced kneeling at home every day; Li Hongzhang, the governor of Zhili, also practiced kneeling three times a day before Cixi's birthday.Many ministers often fell ill because of kneeling for too long, sore waist and knee pain.Therefore, there will never be a long speech when kneeling.

In addition, the emperor and ministers often bald and wear casual clothes in the summoning scene in the Qing Dynasty-themed film and television dramas, which was absolutely not allowed in the Qing Dynasty.When ministers come to see, they must wear ordinary clothes, mending gowns and pearls, and red-tasseled official hats.The emperor also wears robes and crowns.Regular clothes are the dresses worn by the emperor on formal occasions in the palace, and are used to handle general government affairs or summon ministers.The same is true for officials. According to the Qing system, the minimum penalty for wearing the wrong court clothes is one month, because this is strictly stipulated by the Qing system, even if the emperor is respected, he cannot violate it.

Another point must be pointed out: no matter summoned or introduced, eunuchs and guards are not allowed to stay in the house