[Comprehensive History] Clothes are all over the world

In the late summer and early autumn, the sun on the seaside is scorching, and you only need a bream ∈ protection to burn your face.

But at this moment, few people care about the hotness on their faces, because compared to the feeling on their faces, the heat in their chests is much higher.

Everyone is passing the Judgment Paper. This paper is ordinary, not sprinkled with gold or dyed with incense. Its low-key level is somewhat incompatible with the current scene, but this is indeed the case of the Ming dynasty.

If it is not necessary, the royal family will rarely use particularly expensive or specially treated paper.

Just now, their Crown Prince took half an hour to produce two test papers. The number of questions on it was framed, but the content was completely different.

It covers everything from astronomy and astrology to history and humanities, from arithmetic to geography.The crown prince even drew a picture of the 肤五サナピ river with a big hand, so that people can briefly discuss what the terrain will lead to in the field and how to deal with it.

On the other hand, I have [-] pieces of paper, and everyone who has stood here in the imperial examination has seen similar questions.

I am ashamed to say that all the courtiers present in the second volume can answer seven or eight, but answering the volume of the second volume, blowing Menghan Xiahao Γ to solve the problem with the strength of everyone, has caused a small-scale controversy. Obviously, all the ministers disagreement

Seeing that there was a trend of developing from theory to fighting, Emperor Hongwu looked at the other train that was thrown to the front of the body early and passed it back and forth. These noises were made by his subordinates who seemed to be young when they returned to school, and Emperor Hongwu squinted at his grandson.

His eldest grandson's face is now a little complacent, full of pride.

When Emperor Hongwu saw it, he couldn't help being silent. Chiu Zhiyue was in the process of brewing. He endured a little bit, but he couldn't help it, so he followed his heart and raised his hand...

Snapped--

Mubai clutched his innocent attacked head, and took the H arc

Emperor Hongwu looked at his little expression, and was furious. He silently said a few times that this is his own, and suppressed his anger forcibly: "You said before that you want to take out this paper to select talents from all over the world?"

Mu Bai nodded in confusion. "How many people can answer your question?" Emperor Hongwu was very angry.

Unexpectedly, as soon as he finished speaking, he saw his grandson wrestling his fingers: "Father and I can do it, so can Ah Chun, Wen'er can answer the question. He is still young, Yizhi (Jian Yi), Wei Zhe (Xia Yuanji) ), the senior brother can answer it..."

Bathed in the subtle eyes of his grandfather, Mu Bai immediately betrayed his little friends: "I did it for them, and they said it was okay."

Emperor Hongwu was annoyed and laughed: "Then how many are you going to choose?" If you want to rely on this paper to recruit enough talents, you have to wait for the next life."

"Don't talk about your friends—" Emperor Hongwu raised his hand to stop his grandson's unspoken words, "They are all talented and have experience in being an official, so it is not common sense."

After a pause, Emperor Hongwu added: "You can't either!"

The growth experience of the eldest grandson is also of no reference value. Although this kid has been reduced to a remote mountainous area, he seems to have stepped on dog shit. He actually met the great Confucian king who was delayed by his injuries and became his disciple. , Accepted

You must know that even the heir of the old Zhu family, that is, Mu Bai's father, Zhu Biao, fled with his younger brothers when he was studying, and his treatment was better than that of his younger brothers┬≡Su

But educational resources alone are not enough. His grandson suffered a head injury when he fled, and he can’t remember anything. In order to survive, and to make his younger brother live a better life, he put in 100% effort in studying.

Zhu Yuanzhang also came out of poverty. He knows too well how much power he can exert if he puts himself on the back of the water, falls on wood, and squats.竦瘍Like...

The result is that the eldest grandson in front of him looks like this.

Although it is not obvious on the surface, Zhu Yuanzhang is really proud of his grandson.

But not everyone can have the educational resources of his grandson. Although his grandson is suffering, he really does not lack educational resources, and he is so embarrassing. Rare.

Emperor Hongwu taught his eldest grandson: "You must not judge others by your smooth path to study, smooth life experience, and clever mind. If you look down on others from your own perspective and ask others to compare with you result in what can only be called arrogance."

He spoke righteously, but he didn't know that in the hearts of all the courtiers who were eavesdropping, they were very ambitious to write the same story-thank you, but they were not comforted.

Although Emperor Hongwu was educating his grandson, they somehow felt hurt even more.

Mu Xiaobai got what his grandfather meant, and he asked the question immediately, "If you try to answer the question, how about changing it to a multiple-choice question?"

"Similar to the classics and history of the imperial examination, no points will be deducted if you don't answer the selection questions, and you can get extra points if you answer more."

Mu Bai frantically wrote: "Answering four questions is considered qualified... Well, three questions, three questions must be no less, forget it, add an essay question on the Five Classics, so that it will not be too difficult... …Well……"

Emperor Hongwu looked at his grandson, who was muttering about perfecting the question type carefully, and was a little relieved at his 竦落tun āK Jing 皮. His eyes were crotch ㄖqi О swaying chain cool mow ⒄ the poor minister, the corners of his mouth slightly raised, and said deliberately : "Ying'er, you said that the Imperial College students are used because the Imperial College students are more serious and passionate in their work. What does it have to do with the addition of such test papers?"

Mu Bai's hand holding the pen is slightly swaying, with complicated thoughts in his heart.

In modern times, although he was unable to get in touch with high-tech as an old man, he was able to acquire it by himself, so he saw that China has technology and experience. But there is no scientific theory.

To put it simply, if you know what it is, future generations will continue to follow it, but few people will go up to explore its source. Even if someone does, his exploration results will not be valued, and in the end it is only a small circle. Lan Qiao II

It is not that China has only technology but no technology, but that "technology" has not yet developed to the point where "technology" appears, and it has been eliminated by the times.

Mu Bai once saw Falcon, who was a mathematician named Zhu Shijie, at the end of the Yuan Dynasty.

This person inherited the rapid development of mathematical ideas in the Tang and Song Dynasties, studied Tianyuan Art in depth, developed a quaternary high-degree polynomial equation, and even invented arithmetic sequence summation and interpolation, which were classified as advanced mathematics in later generations. It directly brought Chinese mathematics from unsigned computing to the world of signed computing, and was hailed as the pinnacle of mathematics in the Song and Yuan Dynasties, and even an epoch-making existence.

In his era, Mr. Zhu was full of peaches and plums, and he even published a lot of books, but most of his books and works led by such a famous brand Qiu Man were scattered in later generations.

Even when Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty compiled the "Siku Quanshu", the civil and military personnel of the Manchu Dynasty, who gathered talents from all over the country, did not know that there had been such a scholar. Missed by the jewel in the mathematics world, 17 years later, after several scholars deliberately compiled the biography of the mathematician, they found it by accident.

I don’t know if it’s because of the war or because the people in power in the Yuan and Ming Dynasties didn’t care about it. Scholars who write about the foundation of broadcasting and communication media can be ignored by the long river of history. I don’t know how many similar ones there are in this world. Talent is forgotten.

From today's point of view, these skills are nothing more than magical skills and have no meaning, but Mu Bai is too aware of how powerful scholars of mathematics, physics, and chemistry are, and it is only because the productivity has not kept up. It's just an opportunity to use it.

But the development of productivity is much faster than the development of theory. From seeing thunder and worshiping it as a god, to realizing that it is worth thousands of years, but from realizing that electricity It is the available energy, but it took only two centuries for it to enter tens of millions of households.

In other words, it is precisely because people have the idea of ​​"catching" lightning that they discover, explore, and study what equipment can do this. frame

Daming... No, it’s not that there are people like that in China. The Chinese nation has always been the bravest and most capable of fighting. It’s just a pity that when those people appeared, China’s science, technology and productivity couldn’t match them. So many of their ideas just became empty talk, and then annihilated in the long river of history.

After all, there are really too many talents bred in this land, so many that people can freely choose the subjects they are interested in, and use the means of the majority to defeat the minority, and discard those academics that the majority do not love. .

As a result, these small sparks of wisdom failed to escape the waves of history in the end, and were annihilated silently.

What Mu Bai wants to protect now is these small fires. Fortunately, the era he lives in is also a very realistic era.

What goes up is good, and what goes down must be effective.

As long as the government expresses some interest in those subjects, those folks who are struggling to get ahead will ponder it, and as long as there are more people who study, they will inevitably find real inheritors for those subjects.

As long as the inheritors are around, as long as enough time is given to these subjects, Mu Bai believes that the day when they change from technology to technology will not be too far away, and first, he has to convince the ruler of this dynasty.

Mu Bai said softly: "There are tens of thousands of folk scholars, and the collection of books is innumerable, but now everyone learns the way of Confucius and Mencius. Although Confucius and Mencius are good, but they are beneficial to the evil people, Gui Suner thinks that it will not benefit in the long run."

Emperor Hongwu showed a bit of comprehension, he clasped his hands and said affirmatively: "Your father definitely disagrees."

Zhu Yuanzhang's eldest son, Mu Bai's father, who is the current Emperor Jianwen, has studied Confucian classics since childhood. Although Zhu Biao is not pedantic, it is not so necessary for him to admit that learning Confucius and Mencius, and even support him. Liao has already said that there are opposing learnings, but Zhu Biao definitely does not agree.

This directly challenged the old father's outlook on life.

Mubai showed his expression and agreed with his grandfather's guess with his own expression.

Yes, the biggest obstacle for Mubai to carry out reforms is none other than his old father.

It's not that Zhu Biao has any opinions on the theories of various schools. He actually likes to read these things, but from the perspective of an emperor, he feels that these statements made by his son are too vague.

And more importantly, if you use this method to select talents, isn't that the same as choosing "craftsmen" to be officials?

Not to mention the people being managed, the craftsmen themselves can't pass this test, and if the craftsmen can become officials, what will the farmers think?

The hardest and most tiring work is farm work, and the farmers earn the least. The reason why farmers were willing to stay on their land was because they earned less but had a high status.

People have the nature of seeking advantages and avoiding disadvantages. If they find out that their income is not so high, and their status is not so high, wouldn't a large number of people leave the fields?Then where will Daming's taxes come from?

Some people may say that the source of taxation can be changed from land tax to commercial tax, but you must know that there is a more intuitive calculation formula for the income of land tax. After all, land is something that can be seen and touched. Commercial tax Not framed.

Except for the import and export of ships, most of the business activities are difficult to verify, and it all depends on the taxpayer's self-consciousness.

There are many ways to evade taxes in the intuitive land tax, not to mention the many business taxes that are winding around.

As for a simple poll tax?

Mu Bai shook his head. The poll tax is actually designed to suppress the population to a large extent.

Modern people often think that ancient people were keen on having babies, but this is conditional, first of all, the cost of having a baby is lower than the benefit.

In the era of high poll tax and low farming income, it was most common for children to be drowned or abandoned at birth. Even in the relatively wealthy Song Dynasty, the rate of abandoned babies remained high.

The era that really allowed the ancients to let go of having babies by hand began with the Qing Dynasty when the poll tax was abolished.

Not only will Mu Bai not put the tax on the poll tax, on the contrary, he also wants to cancel the poll tax.

Today’s sea trade route in Daming has become increasingly mature. Under the official guidance, merchants in Jiangsu and Zhejiang are now buying a lot of cheap cotton from overseas and importing it to the inland, and then weaving it into beautiful fabrics and then selling it abroad. model.

At first glance, the words are embedded in the words and the oysters are sold in Shaanxi, but in fact cotton is regarded as ballast cargo, and it is a deficit sailing. The cost of transportation is actually very low, and the frequency is stable. As long as the rhythm is calculated, it can even be exempted from renting warehouses. deposit fees.

And don't look at the cotton that Jiangsu and Zhejiang merchants purchased in the surrounding areas of origin in the past. In fact, the price of cotton here is very, very expensive.

Thinking about it, if it weren't for the high price, why would the farmers here give up the double-cropping rice fields and switch to cotton?A crop like cotton is simply a nutrient pump for the land. After harvesting, it has to be kept busy to raise its fertility. These are all costs included in the price.

But India is not the place where these cottons are purchased today. The land is fertile and sunny, and cotton can be grown in large quantities. The most important thing is that there is a large population. Cotton, a crop that must be harvested, likes this kind of planting environment. .

Of course, there is also the advantage of the nature of flounder, which is that the managers of that dynasty welcomed the ships of Ming Dynasty and the goods they brought, which made the merchants of Ming Dynasty more profitable.

The success of merchants in Jiangsu and Zhejiang quickly brought this processing mode to the inland areas. Originally, the sound of spinning wheels was heard.Due to the existence of transnational shipping, the traditional activity of textile spinning has shifted from self-production and self-sale to processing with supplied materials.

Merchants brought heavy raw cotton here, and then took away the good cotton cloth, and then they either dyed it or sold it directly in the form of white folded cloth, which is similar to the textile industry with a smile and a copper plate. Girls don't matter anymore.

I have to say that these businessmen are really flexible in their minds, and they even chase after the disaster area. When they hear that some fields have been hit by a disaster, they will transport cotton for thousands of miles to let the victims pay for their food. Since they have cheap labor , gained fame again.

However, in view of the fact that their actions did help the local victims, the imperial court temporarily adopts the policy of openly lying and explodingly lying about the opportunistic behavior of these people.

Also because these cotton cloths brought a lot of income to the local people and at the same time promoted production enthusiasm, it didn't take long for the price of cotton cloth to drop greatly.

The 26th year since the founding of the Ming Dynasty was also the 20th year when Emperor Hongwu vigorously promoted cotton planting. The people of the Ming Dynasty finally stopped wearing cotton robes as a luxury.

Cotton clothes have entered thousands of households and become common clothes for people.With the surplus of fabrics, it took only two years to develop from underwear to gown, and from a single-layer gown to a padded overcoat made of multi-layer cotton clothes with excellent thermal insulation effect.

Soon after, warm, durable and cheap cotton coats became popular throughout Daming in two winters.

How rich is the amount of cotton in Ming Dynasty? Let’s put it this way, this year’s clothes for frontier soldiers to keep out the cold are cotton robes made of four layers of thick cotton cloth wadding with cotton.

Putting on new clothes, the border guards held their heads high in the cold wind that had turned cold in autumn. Even if the heat was too hot, the level of local tyrants made the northern nomadic tribes who came to trade coal on the opposite side flow out of envy. tears.

Under such a trend, the appearance of cotton quilts is not so surprising.Because cotton works best when it is fluffy, out of market demand, the cry of "stripping cotton" gradually appeared in many counties of Daming.

Only two copper coins are needed, and these craftsmen will take their own cotton bows and reprocess the tight and rigid old cotton into fluffy cotton batting, so that the bedding can regain warmth.

Due to the existence of cotton, the number of deaths due to cold in winter in the Ming Dynasty has been greatly reduced in recent years, and the mortality rate of newborns has also dropped a lot.Seeing these data, Emperor Hongwu was really relieved.

In fact, if there is no overseas purchase, Daming will reach the current level sooner or later by relying on Daming's own cotton cultivation, but that is at the expense of Daming's real estate.

Although economic crops are very beautiful, they will cause hidden dangers if they seize the planting space of food crops.

It is better to avoid this condition.

But he thought so, but Mu Bai never expected that after discovering that the economic benefits of growing cotton had declined, farmers in Jiangsu and Zhejiang who were too flexible would switch to planting tea trees the next year.

What should I do if I have to pay taxes?These farmers entrusted merchants who purchased cotton to help them buy rice from India, and used it as tax and food, and made a little money.

So don't underestimate the people, their minds are more flexible than anyone else when necessary.

Cough, far away.

In short, it can be said that the common people of Ming Dynasty today have basically reached a state where they have no worries about food and clothing. After the needs of food and clothing for survival are solved, it is an era of rapid development of spiritual civilization.

Mu Bai wanted to make a promise at the beginning of this era.

"So, I'm not here to embarrass my subjects—" Mu Bai said confidently, "I'm here for everyone's future!"

Zhu Yuanzhang nodded, not commenting on his grandson's rhetoric: "So you kid came to grandpa to save the country with curves, yes, to convince me."

Mu Bai twitched, didn't what he said just now was to persuade Grandpa?

Emperor Hongwu shook his finger, saying that it was your boy's own reverie, and it cannot be regarded as a reason to persuade him.

"But you can think about it slowly. Now, let's go pick them up first." Emperor Hong Wu shook his sleeves and stood up seriously. His gaze was on the Daming boat that finally docked.

At the bow of the ship, the yin and yang white flags fluttered in the wind. The voice of the leader was a little hoarse, but when the ship dropped anchor, he still tried his best to say: "Homecoming——"