Shadow of great britain

Bohr's questioning immediately made the tense atmosphere in the conference hall tense.

The citizens didn't know the reason, they looked at each other, and most of the scholars from various countries who came to the conference were waiting and watching.

Many people had been convinced by Ohm's theory before, and even if they had doubts in their hearts, they would not challenge it on the spot. Because compared with the first edition of "Calculation of Electric Current" that German scholars had access to, Ohm's speech this time had obviously been iterated through multiple versions. The content was not only easy to understand, but the relevant data had also been checked and corrected many times.

Even the originally complex and messy mathematical analysis in the book was further improved with the help of Gauss, and the experimental design was improved and upgraded with the help of experimental physicists of the Royal Society headed by Faraday.

Now the only thing Ohm lacked was the experimental demonstration that could help him make the final decision.

After taking a deep breath, Ohm slowly lifted the curtain covering the experimental table in front of him, and an exquisite bridge circuit instantly appeared in front of everyone.

"For most electromagnetic researchers, especially those experimental physicists, although we did not have the concept of resistance before, I believe that everyone can feel the existence of resistance when conducting current experiments. In the experiment, the wire materials used are different, and the instruments connected in series are different, and the final measured current will also be different.

At first, I suspected that this was caused by the unstable voltage of the voltaic pile, so I later replaced the power supply with a more stable temperature difference battery, but the final result was still the same. In order to prove that my point of view is correct, I prepared two experiments today. The first one is a series circuit experiment to illustrate the effect of resistance change on current size."

After speaking, Ohm picked up the strange device on the experimental table and showed it to the audience. "First of all, I would like to thank Sir Arthur Hastings for his great help, because the new device he invented is perfect for verifying the existence of resistance. As you can see, it is a wooden board about 30 cm long, with coils of nickel-chromium alloy wire wrapped around it, and the two ends are fixed by screws. The small metal rod with a spring on the top of the device can slide arbitrarily on the metal wire and be adjusted manually. Because of this, I can arbitrarily determine the length of the nickel-chromium alloy wire connected in series in the circuit by adjusting the metal rod, that is, changing the effective resistance in the circuit. The Sir called his new invention a sliding rheostat, and in my opinion, this name is perfect."

Once Ohm said this, there was a burst of exclamations from the audience.

The electromagnetic researchers who can come to this place are not ordinary people. They immediately realized the importance of this new device to electromagnetic research.

Once the sliding rheostat is connected in series in the circuit, if resistance really exists, then as Ohm turns the sliding rheostat, the ammeter pointer will definitely deflect synchronously.

For verifying the concept of resistance, there is no better device than this.

Thinking of this, Oersted, Ampere, Arago and others all cast their eyes to Sir Arthur Hastings not far away. The Duke of Sussex, who was a little angry just now, also nodded slightly at him in appreciation.

But what was unexpected was that the gazes of many top scholars did not cause the 24-year-old young man to have any ripples on his face. He just sat there calmly, just like John Gauss, the director of the Göttingen Observatory.

Among the scholars, only Faraday was the calmest. He just smiled kindly and said to Ampere and Oersted beside him: "I told you before that this is a young scholar with a bright future. There is no necessary connection between scientific research achievements and age."

Gauss, who was famous in Europe at the age of 19 for proving that a regular 17-gon can be constructed with a ruler and compass, also nodded in agreement and said: "I agree."

Ampere did not have much reason to object to this.

Although he was not as talented as Gauss, he was hired as a professor of physics at the age of 26 and appointed as the general supervisor of the French Imperial University by Napoleon at the age of 33. He can definitely be called a typical example of early success.

Facing several young geniuses, Oersted could only joke: "You are the same type as Professor Hastings, while I am the type of Mr. Ohm. After all, I was 30 years old when I became a professor, and I was 43 years old when I discovered the magnetic effect of electric current, just the same age as Mr. Ohm."

Faraday comforted him: "Hans, your achievement is not only to discover the magnetic effect of electric current, you also electrolyzed and discovered aluminum."

Oersted couldn't help laughing when he heard this and said: "Originally, the honor of discovering aluminum should belong to your mentor Sir David. After all, he was the first person to report the existence of aluminum, but unfortunately, he failed in the process of electrolyzing aluminum."

When Ampere heard this, he couldn't help but think of the past when David "stole" the honor of discovering iodine in Paris.

He counted on his fingers and joked, "It doesn't matter. Sir David has discovered enough elements in his lifetime. He is probably the person who has discovered the most elements in the world so far, right? Let me count...potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, strontium, barium, boron, silicon, oh, yes, and iodine, which is the heaviest element."

Ampere's joke made Faraday embarrassed. He never cared about others attacking him personally, but for his mentor Sir Humphry Davy, even though Davy excluded and suppressed Faraday in his later years, Faraday never criticized him. The mentor was resentful. On the contrary, he was always grateful to David.

When Faraday was unable to enter school because of his poor family, just because of a letter, David asked Faraday by name to come to the Royal Society to be an apprentice for him. Although the experimental work was hard, as long as Faraday had questions, David would always help him. He answered all questions and taught him step by step how to do experiments. And when David's wife wanted to drive away this poor boy who disliked her, David would come forward with a smile every time to smooth things over and defend Faraday.

Because of this, Faraday was able to grow step by step until now.

However, although Faraday was grateful to David, he also understood the teacher's character. In life, David was not only a great natural philosopher, but also a good man who cared about social issues and ordinary people. To prevent mine explosions caused by lights, he developed safety lights. He actively conducted many free agricultural chemistry courses during the period of food shortages in Britain due to Napoleon's continental blockade policy. In order to improve the dirty environment of the traditional tanning industry, he spent five years studying tanning technology.

But even though David was such a great man, he always had weaknesses. That is David's pursuit of fame to the point of madness. He greedily wants to win all the honors he can get, and he cannot see anyone surpassing him. This kind of character is reflected in him, that is, in order to obtain scientific research results, he will even risk his life to inhale nitrous oxide and water gas. As reflected in others, it was the iodine dispute with Guy-Lussac and others and the suppression of Faraday.

Faraday was unwilling to say anything bad about David, but he could not argue with Ampere without conscience.

Because everyone knows that Ampère was criticized by many French chemists for several years because he gave David a compound of iodine as a gift. Guy-Lussac and others even said clearly at that time: Ampère became a French scientist. A traitor to the world.

After thinking about it, Faraday could only sigh and said: "Sorry, Mr. Ampere, I have made you feel wronged."

"Hahaha." Ampere had no intention of pursuing Faraday. He just shook his head and said: "If you really want to apologize, you can give me a sliding rheostat later. I am more interested in that thing than iodine."

Faraday was relieved when he heard this. He smiled and replied: "This is simple. The structure of the sliding rheostat does not look complicated. I will ask Arthur for advice later. If he doesn't care about this patent, I will do it tonight." One for you.”

As soon as Faraday finished speaking, he heard another exclamation in the venue.

I saw that under the ohm's fiddling on the stage, as the metal rod of the sliding rheostat was slowly pushed, the torsion pointer symbolizing the change in current was shifting to the right little by little.

For an experimental physicist like Faraday, such a result was already expected.

Because although they had no concept of resistance before, they would always find something wrong after doing many experiments. Therefore, when the experimental physicists at the Royal Society saw Ohm's paper, they immediately understood that resistance actually existed.

But for a theoretical physicist like Ampere who focuses on mathematical calculations, Ohm's discovery is indeed a novel blockbuster. It can even be said that the discovery of resistance will completely reconstruct the electromagnetic mathematical analysis system just established by theoretical physicists such as Ampere.

The pointer of the electric current is swinging, and the hearts of the people in the venue are also swinging.

The experimental physicists who originally wavered in their stance immediately put away their doubts about Ohm the moment they saw the experimental results.

But for theoretical physicists, this experiment is not enough to convince them.

After all, for many theoretical physicists, if they admit the concept of resistance, they must deny the results of their previous mathematical analysis of electromagnetism that have been carried out for many years. The reason is obvious. Because the experimental data obtained without considering the resistance must be wrong. Therefore, a mathematical analysis based on erroneous experimental data must also be erroneous.

In an instant, the atmosphere in the venue gradually became more subtle.

Some scholars quickly figured out why Ohm was so suppressed in Germany. Academic fraud is not a new thing. Wrong papers are occasionally published in academic journals, but why Ohm was suppressed to a greater extent than others suspected of academic fraud? Where's the guy?

This is because the introduction of the concept of resistance will overthrow the foundation of electromagnetic theory and destroy the research results of ten or twenty years of research by some people.

According to the practice in the German scientific community, the socioeconomic status enjoyed by a scholar is often linked to his scientific research results...

No wonder……

Some experimental physicists who had nothing to do with themselves looked at each other in confusion. They finally understood the underlying problem hidden in this academic lecture - George Ohm, this guy is going to destroy many people's jobs!

When the German theoretical physicists saw Ohm's experiment, their faces turned pale.

After all, not everyone is a genius like Ampere and Gauss. Once one theory has been overturned, there are still a lot of others left.

Most people spent several years writing a mathematical analysis of electromagnetism and finally got a university teaching position, but Ohm actually tried to use such a simple experiment to bring them back to square one.

Ohm didn't understand what kind of big deal he had gotten into, and his attention was completely focused on the bridge experiment carefully designed by Wheatstone.

"It's a bit embarrassing to say that this second experiment was not done by me, but by my friend Mr. Charles Wheatstone. But since he is not feeling well today, I will present this result on his behalf."

Charles Wheatstone!

When Ohm's opponents heard this name, it was as if their hearts were hit hard.

Today is different from the past. The name Wheatstone is no longer a synonym for a coward in the Royal Society.

Throughout Europe, Wheatstone's name is known to everyone, and all this is because he is the inventor of the phonograph.

Moreover, although Mr. Wheatstone's telegraph machine has been used to send obscene words such as "asshole" for many years, you still cannot deny that he is the first guy in the world to set up a wired telegraph.

"I will show you an extremely sophisticated experimental device - the Wheatstone bridge. This device can not only help us measure the resistance value, but also reveal the distribution law of current in the circuit. First, let us focus on the core of this circuit..."

No one cares about what Ohm said.

The experiment just now has proved the existence of resistance, and the Wheatstone bridge experiment used to measure resistance only provides stronger support for the previous experiment.

The opponents were confused. As for Georg Boll, who just stood up to accuse Ohm, his lips were slightly pale, his forehead was sweating, his wet hair was hanging on his ears, and he whispered: "It's over... It's over..."

At this moment, a hand was placed on his knee and gently patted his thigh.

Boll turned his head and looked at his friend sitting next to him with cold eyes and shook his head slightly, his lips trembling slightly.

The sentence was short, but it was enough to show their determination to fight to the death.

"I will never admit it!"

The German scholars soon caused a commotion. They whispered to each other in private, and those staunch opponents soon united their front. And those experimental physicists who tended to agree with Ohm hesitated for a while, and most of them had to nod and agree for the sake of their friends: "Indeed, this conclusion is not complete, and Ohm is a person with a history of fraud after all."

And such discussions quickly spread through the German scholars to other regions.

The scholars' educational backgrounds are very complicated. Although they are of different nationalities, many of them have studied in the same university, or have cooperated in scientific research.

One person spreads ten, and ten spreads a hundred.

The suspicion of academic fraud and personal connections made it difficult for many people to refuse directly, so they had to agree to those "relatives and friends" in the scientific community.

Ohm hadn't noticed the movement in the audience yet. He finished demonstrating the Wheatstone bridge experiment in one go, and then bowed to the audience with a smile of relief to express his gratitude: "This is the end of my speech. Thank you for your support today."

When Ohm finished speaking, the citizens of Göttingen standing in the back row immediately burst into cheers and applause.

"Well said, Dr. Ohm!"

"Congratulations on your graduation!"

"You deserve flowers and goosegirls!"

But strangely, the electromagnetic scholars in the front row remained silent.

They sat on their chairs with heavy buttocks, as if they were equipped with electromagnets.

Those scholars who wanted to get up at the beginning were inexplicably pushed back by their friends.

One cold and one hot, the two ends of the venue seemed to be the tropics and the Arctic.

The smile on Ohm's face gradually solidified. He looked at the scholars in the front row, but many of them turned their heads to the side when they saw his sweeping eyes, and did not dare to look at him.

The citizens also found something wrong. The applause gradually faded and the cheers disappeared.

They looked at each other, not knowing what went wrong.

"Is there something wrong with this report?"

"Maybe it's too simple? After all, even middle school students can understand it. For a doctor, is it too easy?"

For a while, discussions were everywhere.

When Ohm heard this discussion, he felt as if a bucket of ice water was poured over his head. His feet were a little weak, and even he hesitated in his heart: "Is it really that there is something wrong with what I said..."

The whole hall fell into a suffocating silence. No one was willing to be the first to stand up and express support. It seemed that everyone was waiting, waiting for someone to break the silence first.

Suddenly!

Clap, clap!

The monotonous but powerful applause rang out again in the conference hall.

Everyone saw that a young man in a scholar's robe stood up in the first row. He was the professor who touched the children's heads in the morning-Sir Arthur Hastings.

In the huge front row, he was the only one who stood up and applauded.

The applause was slight at first, but it was particularly loud in the silent hall.

"Jazz..."

This insignificant applause seemed like a temperature difference battery, instantly injecting power into Ohm. Although the voltage was small, it was barely enough to support Ohm from falling down: "Sorry... It seems that I messed up again..."

Arthur just nodded at him in approval. He didn't say anything, but his applause seemed like a bolt of lightning, breaking the dull air.

Soon, others began to respond, and gradually, the applause gathered into an unstoppable force.

People were also infected by Arthur's courage and joined in the spontaneous tribute.

Soon, another person stood up from the front row, that was Michael Faraday, a handsome middle-aged man with a smile on his face.

Immediately afterwards, Gauss, Auster, Ampere, Arago, Berzelius, the Duke of Sussex and others applauded and stood up.

Then, scholars from the Royal Society of England, the Royal Society of Denmark, the French Academy of Sciences and the Norwegian Academy of Sciences also stood up and congratulated Ohm with smiles on their faces: "Congratulations, Mr. Ohm, for a perfect opening of this article. Academic report!”

"Congratulations, I think you will probably get a university teaching position soon."

"Every time I see something like this happen, it makes me feel like the experiments we did were worthwhile."

Among the German scholars, Ohm's younger brother Martin Ohm couldn't help but stood up and shouted: "Well done, George! You are right, I have always believed that you must be right! But, today you The report let me know: someone was wrong, wrong from beginning to end!”

The Duke of Sussex, who had been uneasy just now, was relieved of his last doubts. He applauded and invited Ohm with a smile: "It is a great pity that you did not join the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. However, if you are interested, I, Augustus Frederick Hanover, in my capacity as President of the Royal Society, would like to invite you to join the Royal Society's laboratories."

After saying this, the Duke of Sussex looked at Faraday beside him: "What do you think of my proposal?"

Faraday nodded happily and said, "Mr. Ohm definitely deserves this award."

Wilhelm von Humboldt, the president of the Berlin Academy of Sciences, glanced at the group of German scholars behind him, and immediately issued an invitation: "You are German. Although the Royal Society is a good place, I still want to be friendly. Mind you, the Berlin Academy of Sciences is also a good choice. ”

Oersted also said with a cheerful smile: "What do you think of the Royal Society of Denmark?"

Berzelius also pursed his lips and smiled: "The only shortcoming of Norway is that it is too cold."

"A polite reminder." Arago expressed his position: "If you don't mind, I still have a quota to recommend an academician to the French Academy of Sciences this year."

"I...I..."

Faced with the sudden gift package, Ohm was completely stunned. He stood on the podium for a long time, looked up at the sky outside the window, and then looked down at the audience, where there were only flowers and smiles.

Ohm had mixed feelings and his eyes were red. Finally, he took a deep breath, bent down and bowed: "I'm sorry, thank you for the invitation, but I still like the job of private lecturer at the University of Göttingen the most."