Live Wilderness Adventure

Chapter 844 Returning to China

Regarding the origin of mitochondria, Bi Fang knew there was a very interesting hypothesis.

Mitochondria were once the eukaryotic organelles of bacteria that were endosymbiotic with humans.

To put it simply, mitochondria were an independent organism a long time ago, combined with humans by chance, and finally became part of the human body.

Today, it still has a certain independence.

The proof is that the mitochondria are completely different from the human genome.

The length of the mitochondrial genome is 16569, encoding 37 genes, mainly related to the respiratory chain.

The human nuclear genome is 3 billion in length, encoding 20,000 to 30,000 genes, including all of them.

The two have no sequence homology.

The genomes of other tissues in the human body are all human nuclear genomes.

The gold standard of modern biological classification and identification is based on genome rather than appearance characteristics, because many classification methods in the past were prone to errors.

Some of the different lengths are actually a genus, and some of them look very similar but are classified far away.

For example, tree shrews that look like mice are actually close relatives of humans, while Tibetan mastiffs and teacup dogs seem to be completely different species. The latter does not even have the reproductive organs of the former, but they do not even have reproductive isolation.

But endosymbiosis is not parasitism, which are two different things.

Single-celled organisms need to consume matter and energy in order to survive.

Just like big fish eat small fish, and small fish eat dried shrimps, large cells also swallow small cells.

This process is called endocytosis.

The process of endocytosis is closely related to the fluidity of the cell membrane. The swallowed thing will be wrapped with a layer of cell membrane and enter the interior of the cell. The cell will perform a series of operations to decompose it and spit it out of the cell. The process of spit out is called exocytosis.

What if it is a small cell that is swallowed?

This small cell is swallowed but not digested, but symbiotic in the large cell, which is endosymbiosis.

Some genes can be absorbed and integrated by the human body, but once integrated, a new system is formed, no longer separated from each other, and subject to the expression regulation of the entire system.

Now even if the mitochondria are isolated separately, it cannot be restored to the original bacteria and the original life.

This situation is actually very common, and there are many such imprints in the human genome.

Just like a virus that invaded the human genome millions of years ago changed the pattern of genes being turned on and off in human embryonic stem cells.

About 1 billion years ago, a large, phagocytic archaeon swallowed an aerobic, smaller, ancestral prokaryote.

Swallowing is a problem, but pay attention to safety, it is not good if the creature swallowed back kills it.

Ancestral paleokaryotes may have had a series of stress changes to protect themselves.

For example, a large number of invaginations of the cell membrane form the original endoplasmic reticulum membrane system, thereby restricting the activities of engulfed bacteria.

The primitive endoplasmic reticulum membrane system is further specialized, wrapping the cell's genetic material to form the nucleus.

The ancestors of paleokaryotes became the ancestors of eukaryotes.

Some of the swallowed aerobic bacteria were not only undigested and decomposed, but gradually survived in the cells of the large, progenitor archaeons.

It may be that aerobic bacteria feel that it is good to have a home, so they stay in the progenitor cells and do not leave.

Being a living thing is quite simple, how to make it comfortable, why bother?

And the ancestor cell phase is also acceptable, which is equivalent to raising a pet. Although it has to include food and shelter, it can obtain the energy and products of glycolysis from aerobic bacteria, which is not a loss.

The two organisms thus form an interdependent symbiont, which benefits both.

In this way, in the long-term evolution process, the swallowed organisms transitioned from parasitic to symbiotic, and finally formed mitochondria.

The evidence supporting the above theory is mainly because comparing mitochondria and eubacteria, they are found to be similar in many places.

Similar in size.

Proliferates by binary fission.

Has similar covalent, closed, circular DNA.

Ribosomes are similar in size and structure and have the same precipitation coefficient.

Protein synthesis can be inhibited by antibiotics.

In addition, the endosymbiotic theory can also explain why mitochondria have a double-layer membrane, but it may be different from what most people think. The double-layer membrane may all come from bacteria.

However, this is only the most common and most recognized academic hypothesis, not an iron case.

Bi Fang threw away the complicated thoughts.

It's useless to think too much, anyway, it will be used in the end.

Using the strengthening coupon, the same process as before appeared in my mind. Compared with the strengthening of muscle control, the strengthening this time seems to be more moist and silent.

Instead of feeling hot all over, it seemed to have entered a cool autumn.

After everything was over, Bi Fang had a lot of extra information in his mind, and suddenly realized the direct effect of this coupon.

Improve and optimize the energy supply efficiency of mitochondria, and can further improve the efficiency when the body is in a state of crisis.

To put it simply, it is explosive.

Similar to the adrenaline that will be secreted in a large amount at a critical moment, the strength, speed, and reaction of the person will be enhanced, and the mitochondria at this time also have the same effect.

It's like getting double the adrenaline for more bursts of strength and energy.

As for whether there is an additional effect of life extension, this is unknown.

Bi Fang itself tends to exist, after all, the strengthening of the system has always been powerful.

call.

Taking a long breath, Bi Fang felt unprecedentedly comfortable, and at the same time, his eyelids became heavy, making him a little drowsy.

The sun had not yet set, but Bi Fang still chose to go to bed.

In the evening, a staff member called Bi Fang outside the tent to eat.

In a daze, Bi Fang opened his eyes, his sleep was interrupted halfway, he was still sleepy, but his grunting stomach also protested.

After a brief struggle, Bi Fang still chose to refuse, saying that he still needs to rest.

If you agree, you can't go back to sleep after eating, those professors will definitely invite Bi Fang to talk freely, and you won't be able to go back after an hour.

Bi Fang has experienced this kind of experience many times, and he is deeply touched by it.

Bi Fang didn't get up until noon the next day.

Waking up refreshed, and just in time for lunch after washing, there is no happier moment than this.

After feeding Alpha some fodder, Bi Fang left for the cafeteria.

Inside the large white tent, simple square dining tables were placed neatly, and people came one after another, cooking in front of several stainless steel cauldrons, and then choosing a seat to sit down.

Bi Fang ordered the double portion by himself, and chose to sit in a diagonal corner. Although it was not enough for him to eat, there was no room for more food on one plate.

There is no need to bother others to wash a few more dishes, anyway, it is free, and you can come a few more times.

How is Mr. Bi Fang resting?

As soon as Bi Fang sat down, Vaziri also sat on the opposite corner with a plate, scooped hummus with a spoon, and said hello.

Vaziri did have the idea of ​​entertaining Bi Fang yesterday, but the other party did not come.

But even though he didn't come, no one thought that Bi Fang was ignorant of current affairs. Anyone who walked in the vast desert for more than two months wanted to sleep well after the end.

It would be stupid to have to pull the other party up to socialize, and it is even more understandable to hear that the other party drifted at sea for more than a month before crossing the Sahara.

Very good, this is the most comfortable sleep I've had in the past three months. Bi Fang gave a thumbs up, and at the same time picked up a squab, chewing the skin, flesh and bones, with a mouthful of saliva.

I have been hungry for twenty-four hours, and eating such a big meal is extremely satisfying, like swallowing a large glass of ice water when I am thirsty in the hot summer, or drinking a mouthful of hot air in the cold winter Spicy mutton soup.

Egypt is a typical Arab country that believes in Islam, so it is almost impossible to find pork and related foods, and it does not eat any animal offal and undercooked food, so there is no food such as sashimi in Egypt. market.

Alcoholics will also suffer when they arrive in Egypt, because the local drinks are non-alcoholic, and the Egyptians also prohibit alcohol consumption.

Although there are many taboos, they can't affect the Egyptians' love for food in the slightest.

The local taste is heavy, and chili, curry, pepper, etc. are definitely used in most dishes, and Egyptians like rich, burnt and soft food.

In this way, the taste is more suitable for Bi Fang's stomach.

Plus the food here is pretty plentiful.

A kind of scholar plus government workers, the food here cannot be bad, and there are all kinds of meat.

Seeing Bi Fang gulp, Waziri smiled even more.

Almost everyone has a side that likes Amway in their hearts, recommending what they like to others, and after getting praise, they will get a sense of recognition.

At this time, Vaziri felt a little joy in his heart.

Roasted pigeon is a delicacy that the groom must eat when we get married. We will stuff rice and broad beans into the belly of the pigeon. The meat of the roasted pigeon is tender, juicy and fragrant.

There is also a stew of pigeon meat, onions, tomatoes and rice in clay pots.

Bi Fang gave a thumbs up, swallowed a piece of pigeon wing and bone and praised: I will try it when I have time.

“The kebabs here are also good and very popular. They are made of good lamb brushed with salt, pepper, olive oil and other seasonings, and then cut into small pieces and threaded on the iron spit. The grilled meat skewers are golden, shiny, full of fragrance and very juicy, and can be dipped in seasoning sauce when eating.”

Vaziri went aside and came back with a plate of kebabs.

Bi Fang hadn't seen this thing over there before, presumably it was a small stove given to him by the other party.

For such a formalistic thing, Bi Fang only wanted to say.

Come more!

Bi Fang unceremoniously picked it up and gnawed it. The mutton was chopped and seasoned with spices, and then grilled on a skewer.

You can also drink a bowl of Molokia after eating.

A green thick soup made of mallow. The mallow leaves are mashed and boiled with mutton, chicken, or rabbit meat, butter, green onions and other foods. The cooked mallow soup is a bit sticky but delicious , You can also use garlic to enhance the flavor when eating, and it is very greasy with the skewers.

Then Bi Fang ate all the skewers for multiple people under Vaziri's astonishing gaze, and belched indecently.

I have long heard that Egypt is the country of spices, and it really lives up to its reputation!

I saw many different kinds of spices along the way, but unfortunately there were not many of them, so I couldn't collect them.

That would be such a pity.

Vaziri is not without regrets.

The Sahara is not completely barren, although most of the world's farmers and city dwellers consider it empty, uncultivable, uninhabitable, and of little use to humans today.

But this land is not worthless to humans.

For thousands of years, this dry land has produced something extremely valuable, that is, spices.

Spices are very useful, they can be eaten, smelled and pickled mummies.

Just like cinnamon star anise, it can be used not only for cooking, but also for sachets.

When it comes to the history of using incense, when the Egyptian pharaohs started playing with spices, European nobles were still picking fruits.

After observing the Egyptian murals, you will find that the daily life of the pharaohs is roughly: holding a spice jar today, holding two spice jars tomorrow, and showing off to someone who doesn’t have it the day after tomorrow.

Chemical ecologists believe that high temperature and dry climate are more beneficial than harmful to the evolution of aromatic plants containing benzene ring compounds.

The aroma of the leaves of many aromatic plants may help them resist heat, drought and damage from herbivores.

This fragrant, highly volatile, fleeting chemical is more concentrated in plants in dry climates than in plants elsewhere.

Coupled with the body odor problem of the Egyptians, under artificial cultivation, this desert has become the most suitable place for the growth of the most powerful aromatic plants in the world.

So along the way, Bi Fang collected a lot of spice seeds, but unfortunately there were so many types and so few in quantity that he was not willing to use them for cooking.

Now it is finally satisfied.

After the meal, Vaziri and Bi Fang had a chat about their travel experience, and told about the intention of the follow-up excavation of the ancient tomb before leaving. Before leaving, he invited Bi Fang to participate in today's bonfire dinner again.

Bi Fang originally planned to refuse, but when he heard Vaziri say that there would be a roasted whole lamb in the evening, he couldn't refuse his kindness, so he could only reluctantly agree.

On the second day, Bi Fang, who was satisfied, still chose to take the freshwater truck to leave.

As for Alpha, please send it to another truck.

Before leaving, Bi Fang also presented a flint dagger made by himself to Vaziri as a thank you for the two days of hospitality.

Finally, after spending two days in Cairo, the capital of Egypt, Bi Fang bought a plane ticket and returned to China, while Alpha had to arrive in another day because of the special consignment.

As soon as he opened the door, Bi Fang heard the pattering sound of paws slapping the floor.

Then several big fluffy dogs rushed down the stairs like a white torrent, rushing towards Bi Fang.

Obviously, we haven't seen each other for three months. Although there are aunts who come to feed him every day, Fugui and Wangcai haven't forgotten his old master.

Then Bi Fang felt that he was plunged into a sea of ​​spears, almost out of breath, and his tongue was wet and slippery everywhere.

Six directions came, and even a wilderness master like Bi Fang couldn't break free for a while. It took several minutes for him to feel the enthusiasm of the dogs faded.

It's almost done. Bi Fang stretched out his hand and grabbed Goudan's dog's mouth, I'll take you to the club tomorrow to have fun and meet new friends along the way.

Alpha is too big to be placed at home, which is inconvenient.

Therefore, Bi Fang plans to place it in the club. Anyway, it is not far away, so you can visit it often, and it also prefers a more open environment.

Cheetahs are very timid and shy animals, especially young leopard cubs, which can even affect their love relationship. In order to solve this problem, some zoos let it make friends with dogs