Live broadcast: Ancient people accompany me to make up lessons

On the third day, Zhang Heng, although he was also interested in chemistry, he was most interested in astronomy, geography, and mathematics.

Once again on the list, he saluted to the sky and asked: "Anchor, how did Mendeleev calculate the mass of elements? Can you tell me in detail?"

["Scientists in the past measured the relative atomic mass of elements through chemical experiments.

Determine the mass ratio of the compound and the percentage content of the element, and calculate the relative atomic mass of the element.

For example, Gay-Lussac discovered through experiments that when hydrogen and oxygen are burned to form water, the volume of hydrogen consumed is always twice that of oxygen. He determined that water is composed of two atoms of hydrogen H and one atom of oxygen O, that is, hydrogen and oxygen atoms in water. The number ratio is 2:1. So the chemical formula of our water is H2O. "

Xiaoxiao wrote the chemical formula of water for them in the blank space of the paper. 】

"Hydrogen, oxygen..." Someone realized that when water boils, it turns into gas and rises.

So when the heat is enough, hydrogen and oxygen separate and separate in the sky. When the weather gets cold, they turn into water and drip down when it rains?

But it is said that hydrogen and oxygen are burned to produce water. How do they burn it so accurately?

"In chemistry, substances are divided into mixtures and pure substances, and pure substances are divided into elements and compounds. Compounds are divided into oxides, acids, bases, and salts.

Pure substances composed of the same element are called elements; pure substances composed of two or more elements are called compounds. An oxide is a compound composed of two elements, one of which is oxygen.

Water is a compound in pure matter. ”]

"Water is composed of hydrogen and oxygen..." Sun Simiao thought thoughtfully.

Water is a compound composed of two elements, hydrogen and oxygen. The elements on the periodic table are all elements. Elements and compounds. These pure substances and other mixtures make up everything in the world.

The more he listened, the brighter his eyes became, and he came to understand the saying "Chemistry is the study of matter".

Starting from the most basic water and air, later generations analyzed and calculated different elements, and also knew the components of other substances. In the future, they may even be able to 'create' things.

["Then the weight ratio of hydrogen and oxygen in water was measured to be 11.1:88.89. Using the atomic weight of hydrogen as 1 as the basis, the atomic weight of oxygen can be calculated to be 16. Since the research on oxides was relatively sufficient at that time, the atomic weight of many elements was Determined based on analysis of its oxides.

Berzelius also accepted this principle, rejected the atomic weight standard of hydrogen as 1, and instead used the atomic weight of oxygen as the standard, stipulating that the atomic weight of oxygen was 100, which was later corrected to 16.

This method has certain errors and is very difficult to determine high-purity elements. With the development of precision instruments, scientists now have more accurate methods for determining atomic weights. ”]

Liu Che's mouth twitched, and his eyes were full of shock, "It's so accurate, but there are still errors. How do they calculate the future generations now?"

Zhang Heng, a master of mathematics, memorized this method and was very interested in this kind of calculation. He decided to find a way to calculate it himself.

"Mendeleev's first step was to systematically classify the known elements.

The 63 elements known at the time were studied and divided into two categories: metals and non-metals. Metals are divided into two types: reactive metals and inactive metals. Non-metals are also divided into two types: oxidizable and non-oxidizable. This division is not very scientific, but it laid the foundation for his later research.

Mendeleev liked to play cards, so he made cards out of the 63 existing elements, with the names of the elements, main properties and atomic weights written on them. He would take them out to play from time to time, arrange and combine them, and find patterns in them.

By analyzing these elements, Mendeleev determined their atomic weights and noticed that the properties of some of them gradually changed as their atomic weight increased. He discovered that at certain values ​​of atomic weight, elements exhibit similar properties and periodicity of chemical reactions.

This means that if the elements are arranged in increasing order of atomic weight, their chemical properties will show certain rules. This is the periodic law of elements.

As for more specific chemical tests and calculation methods, I'm sorry, I don't know either. The next member of the audience can speak. ”]

Well, there is still no more specific calculation method. Considering that the anchor is still studying, Zhang Heng can understand.

He thought to himself that he was just doing experiments. Although he was very busy now, he could still give it a try.

Sun Simiao was also very interested in the chemistry of combining substances to create new substances. Isn't it just an experiment? He wasted no time and would try it right away!

Others can't understand it, but they can understand a card player: Ah, is this a genius? He can play cards to such a unique height.

It’s time for the next lucky audience, who is number four? Liu Chan.

In the private school, a child asked: "Liu Chan, is he famous?"

The older child next to him said, "That's Adou, Adou who can't help me!"

In the dynasties after the Han Dynasty, those who basically knew the Three Kingdoms and some famous people knew the last Liu family emperor, and it was okay to call him "famous".

But even Liu Chan has it, so when will Zhuge Liang appear on top?

When thinking of this, there are few people who love the Three Kingdoms in later generations who are not excited.

Sun Quan in the east and Cao Pi in the north: Why can Liu Chan be chosen, but you choose me, Tianmu?

Before, we praised Zhuge Liang and even went to Chengdu to offer him incense. We didn’t even dare to think whether he would lead Shu to dominate the world. Now, even Liu Bei’s son is included. Why on earth?

As for the lucky player No. 4, Liu Chan, he was sitting at his desk copying things conscientiously, while his dying father and his prime minister were discussing what to ask.

"Our rice 'test field' has just been opened, and nothing has come out. It's not suitable to ask the anchor. She doesn't understand, so she just goes to check it on the computer..."

This is Liu Bei who went to the fields early in the morning to watch people planting rice and seeing the grafted plants growing well without wilting. As soon as he saw that one of the lucky spectators was one of his own, Liu Bei immediately returned indoors.

Zhuge Liang agreed: "The sky can be seen by everyone, and we should not ask the history books of future generations."

Liu Bei's eyes flashed: "Prime Minister, what do you think of better iron-making technology?"

"Sichuan produces iron, and Wei also produces iron, Your Majesty." Zhuge Liang smiled and rejected the proposal.

Of course, we need to find something that can improve our side, but that the enemy can't keep up with.

The two kept discussing the plan while listening to other chemical knowledge, and finally reached an agreement.

"Adou, ask the anchor what elements salt is made of and how to come up with a large amount of salt."

Salt is not only a condiment, but also an indispensable necessity in life. If you want to have strength throughout the day, salt is essential.

There is salt in Zigong, but the production is not large enough, and it cannot be eaten by all of Sichuan. If a large amount of salt can be mined, not only the people in Sichuan can eat salt, but in addition to Sichuan brocade, salt can also become a major factor in foreign trade.

Adou obediently bowed to Tianmu and asked the questions that both his father and the prime minister wanted him to ask.

Upon seeing his question, everyone in the dynasty couldn't sit still.

That’s salt!

[Escape from the Western Fantasy World, Xiaoxiao, who fully understands how important salt is, takes a pen and writes characters on the paper seriously.

"A salt in the chemical definition is a compound composed of metal ions (including ammonium ions) and acid ions.

Common metal ions...acid ions...

The common component of daily edible salt is sodium chloride, NaCl. ”]

Carefully copy the salt and various ions and symbols she mentioned. Everyone has to admit that, like Arabic numerals, replacing elements with this symbol is indeed more intuitive in the mind, eliminating the need for other concepts brought by words. error.

["Extraction of edible salt... I'll look for relevant information, you guys wait..."]

Seeing that the host turned on the computer again, Ji Hanjun and his ministers all breathed a sigh of relief. They each picked up their pens, spread out the paper, and began to copy carefully.

Zhuge Liang: I just hope the anchor can choose a more detailed video.

Fortunately, his idea came true. What the anchor was looking for this time was a video from principle to refining. It talked about the history and progress of deep well salt refining in Zigong, Sichuan, as well as the use of natural gas.

"It turns out this is natural gas..." The workshop craftsman, who only knew that using hollow bamboo poles to introduce it would make the fire more powerful, his eyes gleamed when he saw it.

The method mentioned above is more complete and perfect than their current salt refining. There are also the deep salt wells drilled in the Qing Dynasty, the fields built with thick and strong bamboo poles, and the snow-white salt grains. …

The Zigong people of the Ming and Qing Dynasties, who have been mentioned many times in the above video, feel very proud because their Zigong salt is so advanced in technology and quality.

Although it is not as magical and beautiful as the mechanical equipment of later generations, the quality is not inferior.

Liu Che, who copied carefully and enjoyed the joy of copying homework, said: "Why can this salt be so detailed? She can really find such a detailed thing!"

I originally thought that although his papermaking video was a little simpler, the big machines were really impressive and the layout was pretty good. But after watching it now, Liu Che would never admit that he felt sad.

Copying homework is great, but what about the Eastern Han Dynasty? Also, anchor, why do you give me paper so casually, but give me salt so seriously?

Anchor: Probably, it’s because salt is more dangerous.

Satisfied with the method of making salt, Zhuge Liang began to discuss with Liu Bei how to increase salt production, as well as the balance between salt well mining and local families in Yizhou.

Liu Chan: Actually, I really want to ask what will happen to Han in my hands, but my father and the prime minister are both here, so listen to them!

["This is how salt is made, but the oxygen at the bottom of the deep well is low, and the concentration of hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide in the gas is high, which can easily poison people, so we must take precautions."

Xiao Xiao warned, starting to call the next one. 】

No. 5 Sun Simiao hesitated for a long time and decided to ask for medicine.

"I would like to ask the anchor, is hyperoside extracted from Hypericum, how is it extracted, and how effective is it?"

Doctors after the Tang Dynasty: They are worthy of being the king of medicine, and the questions they ask are also based on medical ethics.

["Wait a minute, let me check the information." Hypericin had only seen it on the test paper and didn't know the specific information.

On the website, yellow powder crystallizes in a clear glass vial.

Name: Hyperin

Alias: Quercetin-3-D-galactopyranoside, begoniain, begoniaflavonoids

...]

The English name, molecular formula, molecular weight, CAS number, density, boiling point... No one could understand it, so they lowered their heads and copied it until they finally found what they were most concerned about.

【药物作用：1.局部镇痛……2.抗炎……3.对心肌缺血……4.具有较强的止咳作用5.同化作用6.有较强的.……7.抗血脂……8.抗抑郁……

Natural extraction source: Hypericum.

Finished drugs:...]

The doctors looked at the hyperin extract again and again and fell into thinking.

what?

Hypericum can have so many functions, but why can’t you understand each one of them, except for analgesic and cough relieving?

And the medicine made from it, why can't I understand it at all? Is this capsule or that tablet meant to be taken into the mouth?

Can I take such brightly colored medicine?

[“As for the extraction method, this is confidential and will not be made public before the patent expires.”]

patent?

People who were shocked by the "Rise of Great Powers" remember this, this law that made Watt and his sponsors a lot of money later.

Several people who also like to study this looked at each other and sighed in unison.

Zhang's family has no worries about food and drink, and he also has a reputation and is qualified to engage in some hobbies. Wang is just an ordinary craftsman with more powerful skills, and all the money he earns is earned by himself.

If you want to do research, you must first have time, and secondly, you must not let the whole family drink the northwest wind. There is also the fame and fortune after the research is completed, who doesn’t want it?

But no matter which dynasty it is, the best thing to research is to cover it with a prescription. If someone discovers it, it will be gone. The court will not care about this kind of thing. It will be good if you are not allowed to hand it over and offer it to you.

There may be some rewards due to good luck, but titles and honors are impossible.

Sun Simiao was also thinking about this. The amount of this project was too large. It was not as simple as prescribing prescriptions for patients. It required a lot of observations, records and experiments.

Venue, technology, materials, personnel, funds, and time are all indispensable.

Even if I can consult people for half a day and do research for the rest of the time, and charge more for medical consultations from time to time from time to time, other people can't. Everyone has to live.

It seems that a trip to Chang'an is necessary.

Coincidentally, Sun Simiao wanted to go to Chang'an to seek support from the imperial court, while Li Shimin also wanted to find talents.

Of course, there are currently not enough talents and there are not many doctors. How to get different doctors to be willing to teach students is a difficulty.

Also, he wanted to do not only medicine, but also salt.

Salt can be obtained, and there should be ways to optimize iron, such as how to prevent rust. According to Tianmu, it is anti-oxidation.

What else could be a better ready-made talent than the medicine king and alchemist Sun Simiao who has been stamped by later generations?

Come to Chang'an quickly, Doctor Sun!