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11. Characteristics of education in ancient society

1. The emergence of specialized educational institutions and full-time educational personnel

2. Education is separated from productive labor and is unproductive.

3. Education is obviously class-based, strictly hierarchical and religious.

4. Education adapts to the development of ancient thought and culture and exhibits orthodoxy, authoritarianism, rigidity and symbolism.

Pedagogy and its emergence and development*

1. The research objects and fundamental tasks of education

Pedagogy is a social discipline that takes educational phenomena and educational issues as its research objects and constantly explores and reveals the laws of education. Educational issues are the intrinsic driving force for the development of pedagogy.

The fundamental task of pedagogy is to reveal the laws of education to serve educational practice.

Second, Confucius was the first person in the world to propose heuristic teaching (don’t be angry, don’t be enlightened, don’t be angry, don’t be angry)

There is no distinction between education and distinction; it advocates cultivating gentlemen with both ability and political integrity and cultivating politicians for social development; it advocates taking benevolence as the core and revealing the process of forming a gentleman's character; it advocates paying equal attention to learning, thinking and doing; it advocates inspiration and induction; it advocates teaching students in accordance with their aptitude; it advocates seeking truth from facts; it advocates reviewing the past to learn the new , advocating the inheritance of the six arts since the Western Zhou Dynasty.

3. Defects in Confucius’ teaching content: neglecting the teaching of natural knowledge and science and technology; despising the education of productive labor knowledge and skills (if you give good gifts, people will not dare to disrespect them...)

Fourth, "Xue Ji" is the earliest work in human history that specifically discusses educational issues.

Among them, the main educational ideas are: the function of education, the knowledge and knowledge complement each other, Sun Mo from the Yu Dynasty, inspiration and induction, good practice to save the lost, learning without hesitation, etc., respecting teachers and teaching, teaching and learning.

5. Western Educational Thoughts

Socrates' educational thoughts

Socrates is famous for his eloquence and the questions and answers of the young wise men. The question-and-answer method, also known as the midwife technique, is the earliest heuristic teaching method in the West. The midwifery technique is divided into four steps, sarcasm, midwifery, induction and definition.

Plato; "The Republic", believed that the highest goal of education is to cultivate philosophers and politicians-philosopher kings. He is the earliest advocate of “learning through games”

Aristotle; the ancient Greek encyclopedic philosopher, for the first time in history put forward the view that "education follows nature". Liberal education (gentle education) was first proposed.

Quintilian's educational thoughts: the first educator in the history of Western education to specifically discuss educational issues. His "Principles of Oratory" (also known as "On the Education of Orators" or "On the Cultivation of Orators") is the earliest educational monograph in the West and the first work on teaching methods in the world. It is known as "Europe's The highest achievement in the development of ancient educational theory."

【Tip preparation tips】

The following formulas can be used to help memorize part of the contents of the independent form stage of pedagogy.

Formula: "Bacon was the first to propose it, Neuse was the one to start it, Kant was the first to start the course, Barthes was the one to standardize it, Locke was the one who talked about the blank slate, and Rousseau advocated nature."

Bacon proposed pedagogy as an independent discipline for the first time; Comenius's "Grand Didactic" marked the beginning of pedagogy becoming a formal discipline;

Kant taught pedagogy courses for the first time in universities;

Herbart's "General Pedagogy" marked that mathematics education has officially become a standardized and independent discipline;

Locke proposed the "blank slate theory" in his masterpiece "Educational Essays";

Rousseau advocated natural education.

6. The independent form stage of pedagogy

Bacon's educational thought: the originator of modern experimental science. For the first time, education was classified as an independent subject in the scientific classification. In addition, Bacon advocated experiential teaching and valued the role of experience.