Welcome to 19th-century Europe, where strength reigns supreme

After the First International was kicked out of the Politburo, many vicious events occurred in the Commune Committees that controlled the Commune movement. First, the Jacobin radicals began to crowd out the French Commissariat, and the reformists also took the opportunity to launch attacks.

The French Communist Party subsequently mobilized a large number of troops to protect the members of the committee. The other parties noticed the Communist Party's actions and immediately united to launch a vote to expel the French Communist Party from the left. The reason was that the Communist Party's private armed forces There are suspicions of counterrevolution.

After the Communist Party lost power, the Jacobins recruited their old teammates the anarchists and began to attack the reformists.

Reformists are mostly moderates, and many of them were actually reluctant to launch a revolution at first. After the revolution broke out, they continued to try their model of stopping losses in time and trying to negotiate with the bourgeois provisional government.

Now I am thinking about negotiating with Napoleon III. In short, they are a group stuck in the middle. Their political stance is unclear and they have no say in the Politburo. These people generally come from well-off families. It became the mouthpiece of the Jacobins.

The Jacobins accused the reformists at the meeting that it was because of the existence of this group of people that everyone still had illusions about the bourgeoisie. This was absolutely wrong. The bourgeoisie must be completely denied, otherwise the revolution could not be realized.

The reformists argued hard, but to no avail. The Jacobins gained support from the majority of the people, and the reformists were gradually kicked out of the committee. Many people rejected the Jacobins' behavior. This dissatisfaction finally ended. It still turned into a tragedy.

The French Communist Party began to use armed force to fight back against the Jacobins. The Jacobins also picked up their weapons to fight against the Communist Party. The internal struggle gradually intensified and became extremely serious. The soldiers on the front line were affected by the political struggle in the rear. , also began to lose confidence.

At an internal meeting of the First International, Karl said, "The Jacobins want to ruin the revolution in Paris. If they are allowed to continue their actions, tragedies like the French Revolution will soon happen again."

Outside Paris, the losses of the National Guard were very serious because there was a big problem with the supply supply in the rear. Garibaldi had a hunch that there was a possibility that Karl could no longer control the situation. As he said, if Now that the First International and the French Communist Party have lost power, their situation will become very dangerous.

Here Garibaldi met a Polish friend, Dombrowski.

He was an internationalist who fled to Paris from the Tsarist Empire, and he was also a young general no less important than himself. He had met Garibaldi when he returned to Italy. The two hit it off and talked about many things.

During the movement of the Paris Commune, they had been sitting in the dangerous La Muir district. In several early battles, they cooperated and once reached the gate of Versailles.

At a meeting of the National Guard’s Military Commission, he proposed, “Tonight the National Guard should be summoned to attack Versailles, capture the government and the National Assembly that no longer have the trust of the country, and re-elect the Constituent Assembly. If you attack Versailles now, you will be Master of the situation.”

The Commune's only means of defeating the enemy is to attack, and to launch attacks continuously, either the Commune will crush the national defense government in a short period of time, or the Commune will be overthrown. Paris does not have such strong power to fight a protracted war with a country. Sooner or later, as time goes by, It's going to end.

He was not just a talker, he could really do it. When the National Defense Government counterattacked towards the Paris Commune, he led only four battalions of troops to launch a battle for the Seine River crossing.

He led two battalions, bypassed the enemy's defense lines, launched a surprise attack, drove away the enemy, captured the cannon, and occupied the railway where the vehicles were parked.

At the critical moment of this battle, Dombrowski held a saber, took the lead, charged into the battle, led the National Guard and won the battle.

Dombrowski fought all the way to the left bank of the Seine, and originally planned to continue the attack on Versailles, but the Commune's military representative, Clüzeler, refused to support him and lost his fighter plane. They could only start a defensive battle under great pressure.

In the end, they ran out of ammunition and food and were pushed back to the west bank of the Seine. The Paris Commune lost its initial opportunity. At that time, they missed their first chance of success. After that, the committee entered a state of political struggle and the military committee also fell into chaos. During this period, they could only fight as hard as possible to try to extend the life of the Paris Commune.

Just one morning, Garibaldi was suddenly stopped by a group of people, who were Jacobins. "Garibaldi, according to the decision of the Commune Committee, we will remove you from your position as commander-in-chief of the National Guard."

Dombrowski immediately stood up and objected, "This is impossible. How could the Commune Committee make such a stupid decision! No one here is more suitable to fight than Garibaldi!"

"Please obey orders, Dombrowski!"

Garibaldi realized that he was no longer trusted. He said to Dombrowski, "I am no longer trusted by the commune. There is no point in staying here anymore. You are Polish, and the guys in the commune probably don't." If I don’t trust you, just go to Germany with me.”

Dombrowski said, "I know, but I am loyal. I will fight for my ideals until the last moment. I cannot abandon the Paris Commune at this time."

Garibaldi had no choice but to give up. He left with the red shirt troops and the Italian volunteers who responded to the call, and broke out.

But before that, he secretly went to the headquarters of the First International. At this time, Karl and Friedrich were excluded from the commune. They were also afraid that other political parties would be detrimental to them, so most of them were ready to leave.

Garibaldi found Karl and said, "Mr. Marx, I am no longer trusted. I plan to leave today. What are you going to do?"

Karl said, "You are right, we are also planning to leave. The various factions of the commune committee are divided. Although I don't want to admit it, the revolution has failed. Instead of fighting, the commune committee members chose political struggle."

The days in Paris were a valuable experience. Karl also knew his shortcomings, but when he wanted to correct them, the good opportunity had long since passed. The Commune failed, but the First International did not. The majority of proletarian revolutionaries still There is no failure, this is the first time, but it will never be the last.

Karl took one last look at Paris, then took the supporters of the First International and the few French proletarian revolutionaries on his side, and fled Paris overnight with Garibaldi's red shirts.

In the German-occupied zone north of Paris, Garibaldi encountered the German Wehrmacht. The German troops immediately saluted Garibaldi when they saw him. Later, the German government used the excuse that most of them were Germans to transfer most of them to Germany, and a small group of people were escorted to Belgium.

Many leftists in France suffered a devastating blow at this moment. For example, the French Communist Party, as the main political party that launched the Paris Commune, lost power in the political struggle. They were lucky enough to escape Paris and went to the area occupied by Napoleon III. .

Napoleon III didn't have much interest in this group of Communists, and in order to highlight his humanitarianism, and he also heard that the First International was German, he felt that these people could not be killed, so he threw them to the rear. Send people to keep an eye on them. If you are unlucky and end up in the area occupied by the provisional government, it will basically be over.

From the beginning of the Paris Commune movement in July, to November, the Paris Commune announced that it had ceased to exist.