Comprehensive film and television female supporting strategy system

definition

Tragedy refers to the desire to survive, the final outburst of exuberant vitality, and the maximum display of self-protection ability shown when the subject encounters suffering and destruction, that is to say, the extraordinary sense of resistance and the will to act.Tragedy theory believes that tragedy refers to the nature of human resistance to death, suffering and external pressure; the subject of tragedy has a strong desire to preserve himself and maintain an independent personality, and often shows a strong irresistible motivation to transcend because of dissatisfaction with the status quo. And he can act according to his own will, even if fate makes him fall into misery or destruction, he dares to fight to the death, showing the tragic spirit of never regretting death.

Tragedy originated in ancient Greece and evolved from the carols of the god of wine (Dionysus) in the rituals of Dionysus.In a tragedy, the protagonist inevitably suffers setbacks, suffers all kinds of hardships, and even fails and dies, but his reasonable will, motivation, ideal, and passion herald the arrival of victory and success.The soul-stirring power of tragedy comes from the deepening of the tragic hero's personality.

In the history of drama, according to the different scope of life involved in tragedy, it is generally divided into four types.One is heroic tragedy.It often uses major themes such as political struggle, class struggle, and national struggle to directly express the frontal conflicts between various political forces and different classes.The second is a family tragedy.It expresses various complex ethical relationships between families and within the family, as well as fierce conflicts and conflicts caused by different life values ​​and moral laws, as well as love stories of joys and sorrows.The third is the tragedy of the ordinary fate of "little people".Opposite to the "little people" is a huge net of visible and invisible from all corners of society.The last one is the tragedy of fate. The contradictions and conflicts it expresses run through the entire human social life, expressing the human yearning and pursuit of freedom and the desire for an ideal society, and trying to understand, master and control nature, society and people themselves, showing the The difficult journey of mankind from the kingdom of necessity to the kingdom of freedom.

History

Tragedy is one of the main genres of drama.It originated in ancient Greece and evolved from the Dionysian carols in the Dionysian festival rituals.In tragedies, the protagonists inevitably suffer setbacks, sufferings, and even failure and death, but their reasonable wishes, motivations, ideals, and passions herald the arrival of victory and success.

The earliest tragedy in the world is the tragedy of ancient Greece.Ancient Greek tragedy is the origin of the entire Western drama, so tragedy is the oldest drama theme.

The three tragic poets of ancient Greece are: Euripides, Sophocles and Aeschylus ("the father of tragedy").

Famous ancient Greek tragedies include: "Prometheus Bound", "Oedipus the King", "Antigone", "Medea" and so on.

During the European Renaissance, dramatists represented by Shakespeare pushed the art of tragedy to its peak.

There have also been many outstanding tragedies in my country's classical operas, such as the Yuan Zaju "Dou E Yuan" and "Peach Blossom Fan"; the traditional opera "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai", etc., are excellent tragedies that have been performed repeatedly work.

Types of

In the history of drama, the theme of tragedy has gone through a development process from narrow to wide, the character of the characters has also changed from simple to complex, and the description has extended from external contradictions to internal contradictions.Before the period of classicism, tragedies were mostly based on myths, legends, and national epics. Only superhuman gods and princes and nobles of noble blood were qualified to play the protagonist.Generally speaking, people at that time admired heroic tragedies, focused on extracting thrilling scenes from national life, religious life, and ethical life, and expressed intense emotions, lofty thoughts, great personalities, and immortal spirits.With the rise of critical realism literature in the 19th century, the miserable life of the lower class people became the object of tragedy.In modern times, tragedies are more and more oriented towards the realistic, peaceful and daily life, and pay more attention to expressing people's inner spiritual activities.According to the different scope of life involved in the tragedy, it is generally divided into 4 types.

heroic tragedy

Such tragedies often express major themes in political struggle, class struggle, and national struggle.The two sides of the tragedy are often representatives of different classes and different political forces, and the forces of justice and evil are clearly divided.Tragedy heroes are generally endowed with noble qualities and noble qualities. They shoulder unusual missions and are faithful to their civic duties.For example, in the ancient Greek tragedy "Prometheus Bound", the protagonist steals fire from heaven and gives it to the world, and bravely resists Zeus, the father of the gods.Most of the tragedies of the French classical playwright P. Corneille and the German playwright JCF Schiller belong to the "Prometheus" style of heroic tragedies. J. Racine and jwvon Goethe also created such tragedies.Chinese classical operas "Qing Zhong Pu" and "Zhao's Orphan" can also be attributed to heroic tragedies.

Family tragedy

It shows the complex ethical relationships between families and within the family, as well as the fierce conflicts caused by different life values ​​and moral laws.Ancient Greek tragedies such as Nemesis, Electra, Medea, and Iphigenia in Tauris are all such tragedies.In addition, many tragedies that express the joys and sorrows of love are also similar to "family tragedies", such as W. Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", Racine's "Phaedra", Chinese opera "The Peony Pavilion", "Liang Shanbo and Zhu Yingtai" And Cao Yu's play "Thunderstorm" and so on.

This type of tragedy is different from heroic tragedies. It does not directly express the frontal conflicts between various political forces and different classes. The contradictions of the times.

Drama "Thunderstorm"

The Tragedy of the Ordinary Fate of "Little People"

It shows the needs of people's daily life, that is, the tragedy of the ordinary fate of "little people".Modern playwrights often regard ordinary "little people" as the protagonists of tragedies, and they are not opposed to a certain person, but a huge network of visible and invisible from all corners of society. e. The young sailor, the old sailor and his daughter in O'Neill's "Anna Christie" each have ordinary and reasonable desires, but what the harsh reality imposes on them is deep spiritual suffering. "Outside the Sky" puts an idealist in a humble and realistic environment, expressing his physical destruction and spiritual liberation. a. Miller's "Death of a Salesman" shows the disillusionment of the values ​​believed by an old salesman. e. O'Neill's concept of tragedy can show the essence of this kind of tragedy.In his view, a person who only pursues easy achievements and is content with the status quo has no real value. The tragedy lies in the fact that people find themselves in the never-satisfied and unrealized pursuit; tragedy can make people change spiritually. To be noble and liberate them from the petty greed of daily life.

tragedy of fate

The last type of tragedy, the contradictions and conflicts it expresses run through the entire human social life, expressing the human yearning and pursuit of freedom and the desire for an ideal society, and trying to understand, master and control nature, society and people themselves, It shows the difficult journey of mankind from the kingdom of necessity to the kingdom of freedom.This type of tragedy is actually necessarily in conflict with the tragedy of freedom.The "tragedy of fate" in ancient Greece is such a tragedy.The so-called "fate" is nothing but the objective law independent of human will and the laws of nature and society, that is, the limitation of human life activities by certain social and historical conditions.

"Oedipus the King" is a tragedy in which man fights against fate. Although the protagonist of the tragedy does not get rid of the net of fate in the end, he gains his own value in the uncompromising struggle.Goethe's "Faust" explores the purpose of life through the tragic protagonist. "Faust" tasted almost all the bitter fruits and fine wines of life, and finally found that the enjoyment of senses, the pursuit of knowledge, and the sweetness of science, art, and love are all limited; only the inexhaustible enthusiasm of hundreds of millions of people, The never-ending creation and the great practice of changing the world are the greatest goals of life.Here, individuals find the eternal value of being one with nature, society, and human beings.Some contemporary playwrights look for tragic themes from the embarrassing situation of people in the absurd world, so as to express people's longing for the lost human essence. e. Ionesco's "The Chair" reveals the real sad situation of modern Westerners: the status of human beings has been replaced by more and more "things", while human beings have been reduced to the status of things. S. Beckett's "Waiting for Godot" reproduces a tragic mood of modern Westerners: the pursuit of material life is gradually realized, but people generally feel that there are more important things that have not been obtained.The characters in the play are desperate for life and death on the bare desert stage, doing a series of inexplicable actions and speaking incomprehensible words, waiting for "Godot".However, Godot didn't come, and he didn't know when he would come, let alone who Godot was, but he had to wait.In this kind of tragedy, the opposite of the tragic characters is the alien natural force and social force, and people are fighting tenaciously with these invisible and non-existent forces.

Hamlet cover

The conflict between necessity and freedom is the deepest conflict in human social life.In fact, these three types of tragic conflicts all represent the struggle between necessity and freedom in the final analysis, but they are carried out in specific fields.

Representative works

There are many famous tragedies, such as "A Dream of Red Mansions", "Oedipus the King", "Prometheus Bound", "Anna Christie", "Faust", "Hamlet", "Thunderstorm", " Chair", "Othello", "King Lear", "Macbeth" (Shakespeare).There are countless famous tragic writers, such as Aeschylus, Sophocles, Shakespeare, Strindberg and so on.

Oil painting "Prometheus Bound"

There is also a tragedy depicted by Lao She with sympathy in "Camel Xiangzi": in Beijing in the 20s, a hard-working and strong low-level social figure had a beautiful dream of making a fortune and struggling, but was finally swallowed by a dark storm.It reveals the slave psychology of the "little people" at the time and the final dash of hope.With the suicide of Xiaofuzi, Xiangzi's beloved woman, Xiangzi extinguished the last spark of personal struggle.This is a typical fate of the poor citizens of old Beijing in old China.In short, tragedy can best express the inner life movement of contradictions and struggles, glimpse the infinite glorious universe from limited individuals, and embody the invincible greatness of human beings with the power of individual insignificance.