My system is not decent

In 1990, an iron sword with copper core and handle was unearthed from the cemetery of the nobles of Guo State in the late Western Zhou Dynasty in SMX, Henan.

This iron sword is a typical utensil made of copper and iron, and it was artificially smelted. It is called "the first sword in China" and is the earliest artificial iron smelted object discovered in China so far.

From this, we can infer that the era of co-casting of copper and meteorite in Chinese history is from the late Shang Dynasty to the late Western Zhou Dynasty.

However, the era of artificial iron smelting and copper casting was technically mature in the late Western Zhou Dynasty at the latest.

Therefore, in the late Shang Dynasty, it is also possible that artificial smelting of iron and copper was combined to form utensils.

Obviously, this bronze ware has traces of artificial iron smelting, but it cannot be proved from this point that it is a modern imitation.

There are no problems with the shape, patina, decoration, and casting, so where is the problem?

There must be something wrong, if there is no problem, Chen Wenzhe would not let Chen Wenzhe appraise it, because it could have passed the appraisal a long time ago, and it was auctioned off.

But why didn't he find the problem?

Red spots and green embroidery?Soon, Chen Wenzhe discovered the problem.

With a unique skill, he can make red-spotted green embroidery, so if he was asked to make this bronze ware, how would he make such an effect?

Thinking about it this way, when Chen Wenzhe took a closer look, it didn't feel right no matter how he looked at it.

The patina is so beautiful, how can there be such a beautiful green lacquer on real bronzes?

It's really green like lacquer. Such a beautiful ancient green lacquer is evenly distributed. How can this happen?It must have been artificially arranged!

Chen Wenzhe finally found out the problem, but the green paint he saw just now is really rusty!

He couldn't help picking up the magnifying glass again. Maybe he didn't look carefully enough just now, but if he looked again now, maybe it wasn't real rust?

A closer look at the surface of this bronze ware shows that the corrosion traces on it very intuitively reflect the growth process of the bronze ware casting and erosion.

The erythema green rust on the surface, in which the green rust is continuously distributed in the shape of small hills, and the shape of round green cast particles just reflects the green cast erosion, which is squeezed and grown from the red spots.

And it is the result of many years of action. Its growth is like mushrooms growing from the trunk, showing the form of corrosion, corrosion and crevice corrosion.

Due to the different environments and lengths of time experienced, carefully distinguishing can still find the difference between a lot of old rust and imitation new rust.

First of all, from the perspective of the level of corrosion, what grows on the ancient bronzes is old natural corrosion, and the corrosion has obvious layers.

Generally, from the outside to the inside, it is divided into the upper rust bonding layer, the main body rust layer and the ground rust layer longitudinally.

On the rust-soil combination layer, copper corrosion and attachments in the underground environment are common, such as mud or carbonized grass and sawdust.

Below the binding layer on the rust, there is a layer of green or blue crystalline rust, which is the main rust layer.

Below the rust layer of the main body is the black or reddish-brown oxide film layer that is close to the copper ware, that is, the rust layer of the ground.

These three layers of corrosion are in clear order and arranged reasonably.

Some ancient bronze wares have no rust-soil bonding layer, or even no rust layer on the main body, but there must be no rust layer on the ground, which is very important for distinguishing old rust from new rust.

However, most antique bronzes usually have only one layer of floating rust due to their relatively short experience.

Such bronzes have a single color, loose structure, and poor adhesion. If the floating rust is removed, the fresh copper body will be directly exposed.

Secondly, judging from the appearance of rust, the environment experienced by ancient bronzes is very complicated. In addition to the damage and erosion suffered during use, there are also atmospheric corrosion and soil corrosion.

This series of physical and chemical effects are constantly changing the bronze ware, forming various forms of rust on its surface.

Rust changes over time.

It can be said that the occurrence of bronze corrosion is the comprehensive result of the joint action of various factors such as man-made, natural, inevitable, and accidental over a long period of time.

These factors interact with the copperware and check and balance each other, presenting a natural and harmonious style.

Antique bronzes are not the case. The rust generally has two categories: chemical corrosion rust and adhesive rust.

Some imitators use salt, vinegar, sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid and other chemicals to corrode copper ware.

Or put the newly imitated bronze ware into the damp ground and bury it for several years.

Although the surface of copperware will also produce copper rust under severe chemical action.

But these rusts are only rusts produced in a short period of time, and have not undergone a long and complicated oxidation process, so they will not show that kind of coordination and nature.

Even if the counterfeiters try every means to make it look like it has experienced thousands of years of vicissitudes, it is obviously of no avail.

An imitation is an imitation, it cannot be the same as the real thing, and the copper rust on the bronze ware in front of Chen Wenzhe is obviously real rust!

However, if it is really rusty, must it be a real thing?

For a moment, Chen Wenzhe thought of transplanting rust.

There is only one possibility that can cause the current situation, transplanting rust.

Looking at the erythema and patina on it, the erythema appears at intervals, which is not important, mainly the patina.

So, how can you make such a beautiful green rust?

And no matter how you look at it, there are no flaws, which is not easy.

If the ancient green paint on this bronze ware was all transplanted, then the imitation this time must have taken painstaking effort.

Take a look at the various decorations on the surface of the bronze ware, especially the very conspicuous earrings on it.

Use a needle to pick up a piece of patina again to see whether it is easy to fall off and whether it is stuck.

Chen Wenzhe started from the rust-soil bonding layer on the surface of the ancient bronze ware. If this is an imitation, it is easy to cause problems here.

This is the cast-soil bonding layer on the surface of the copper ware. Because the copper ware has experienced complex and changeable environmental effects in the underground for thousands of years, some attachments mainly in the form of silica gel have adhered to the surface.

The form of these attachments is between casting and soil. Although they appear to be translucent and round colloidal crystals, they are stable and hard, and are not easy to burn.

The cast soil bonding layer on the surface of the antique bronze ware is mixed with cast erosion and mud like dry powder, lacking in uniqueness, mutual penetration is not obvious, and the cast soil bonding layer is not firmly attached and easily falls off.

However, the rust cast in these places is not easy to fall off, nor is it easy to burn.

Aren't these transplanted rust?If the rust is transplanted, it is impossible to attach it so firmly, right?

He raised his head and looked at the few old people who were staring at him. They must think there is something wrong, right?

Otherwise, it would be impossible to find someone to appraise it again. To find him, is this a dead horse as a living horse doctor?

Is it really necessary to use means?Chen Wenzhe looked at the bronze vessel in front of him, he really didn't want to cheat when he didn't see something.

Doing so can only show that he is not good at learning and still has shortcomings.

"Haha, I said you old guys are joking here, right? If you really think it's a fake, tell me what's wrong. If you can't tell, then stop finding fault here!"