My system is not decent

Underglaze color, as the name suggests, is painted under the glaze layer.

When firing, color pigments are used to draw various patterns on the biscuit.

The principle is the same as that of glaze, which is colored by metal elements.

After that, it is covered with a layer of transparent or light-colored glaze, and finally it is fired in a kiln at a high temperature of about 1300 degrees.

Underglaze color Because the pattern is covered under the glaze layer, the surface of the underglaze color porcelain is smooth and bright, not easy to wear, and never fades.

However, the disadvantages of underglaze color are also obvious. When the pigment is fired together with the body, it must be able to withstand the high temperature and resist the dissolution of the glaze. There are very few varieties that can meet this requirement, so the color types of underglaze color are relatively small.

The earliest underglaze colors can be traced back to the Three Kingdoms period, but at that time they were simply painted with black pigments and did not form complex patterns, so they could not be called "painting".

Real painted porcelain did not appear until the Tang Dynasty.

Shachang Kiln, a famous kiln in the Tang Dynasty, was the earliest kiln mouth in the history of porcelain making in my country to decorate porcelain with painting art.

The colored porcelain at the entrance of this kiln is usually painted in brown, green, red and other colors, and covered with a layer of light blue glaze, creating a precedent for underglaze painting.

This had a profound impact on the birth of blue and white, underglaze and other varieties.

The Shachang kiln was the beginning of colored porcelain, but the blue glaze greatly reduced the brilliance of the colored painting, so blue and white porcelain painted on white porcelain appeared later.

Blue and white porcelain, which uses cobalt as a pigment, was first born in the Tang Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, due to the successful creation and firing of Jingzhen egg white glaze, the value of Yuan blue and white porcelain was greatly improved, and it quickly matured.

Referring to the firing process of blue and white porcelain, substituting cobalt pigments for copper pigments gives glaze red.

Underglaze red was created and fired in the Yuan Dynasty. At the same time, craftsmen in Jingzhen combined blue and white with underglaze red to produce the top nobleman in porcelain—blue and white underglaze red.

Then there are the underglaze three colors. During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, on the basis of blue and white underglaze red, the bean green color with iron as the pigment was added again, so that the color of the underglaze color expanded to blue, red, and bean green, which is called underglaze. Tricolor or glaze tricolor.

Because the three pigments of cobalt, copper and iron have different requirements on temperature and atmosphere (the amount of oxygen in the kiln), it is very difficult to fire the underglaze three colors, and handed down products are extremely rare.

In addition, there are Liling underglaze five colors. This is the Guangxu and Xuantong years of the late Qing Dynasty. Liling, Hunan Province innovated again and successfully fired underglaze five colors with richer colors.

The so-called "five colors" does not specifically refer to five colors.

In fact, the underglaze colors in Liling are composed of five primary colors of red, green, blue, yellow and black.

On the basis of these five primary colors, rich colors are blended, covering almost all color systems.

These are all classic underglaze colors. Another major category of porcelain is overglaze colors.

The characteristic of underglaze color is obvious, that is, the colored porcelain whose patterns are directly painted on the glaze layer, which is called overglaze color.

When firing, it is necessary to fire white-glazed porcelain first (there are also unglazed astringent tires), then paint on the fired porcelain, and finally put it into a baking furnace for a second firing at a low temperature of about 800 degrees.

On-glaze color is developed on the basis of low-temperature colored glaze. Because the firing temperature is relatively low, it also needs to add flux such as lead.

Compared with underglaze colors, overglaze colors are more colorful.

However, because it is directly painted on the glaze, the pattern part has a sense of unevenness, which is easy to wear, and trace elements such as lead and cadmium will dissolve.

Therefore, if the glaze color is used to decorate the tableware, it will basically avoid the inside or the mouth of the tableware.

There are many varieties of underglaze color, and the most famous one must be Song Jiacai.

The earliest overglaze color in my country began with Ding Kiln, a famous kiln in the Song Dynasty.

On the white porcelain that has been fired, it is made by inscriptions with red pigments, or painted with gold (silver) pigments, and then baked at low temperature, which is called "Song Jiacai".

Afterwards, the Cizhou Kiln and Pacun Kiln of the Jin Dynasty imitated each other, and applied red, green, gold and other colors to one utensil.

Among them, the red and green colors are called red and green colors, and the red, green and yellow colors are called "golden tri-colors".

On the basis of Song Jiacai, during the Xuande period of the Ming Dynasty, the color of the overglaze color was further enriched, and five colors were created.

But five colors do not necessarily appear on five-color porcelain at the same time. The so-called "five" just describes more colors.

Generally speaking, overglaze colors with more than three colors, including red, can be called multicolored.

There is no red color, but yellow, green, purple and other colors are called plain three colors.

The five colors in the Ming Dynasty were mainly red, green, yellow, purple and other colors.

During the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the invention of blue color, gold color and black color made the picture more gorgeous, and the five colors developed to its peak and became the mainstream of colored porcelain.

But the good times didn't last long. After Yongzheng, famille roses became popular, and five colors could only be produced in small quantities as antique porcelain, so they were also called "ancient colors".

In addition, because the five-color firing temperature is slightly higher than that of pastel, the color is not as soft as pastel, so it is also called "hard color".

Five colors are "hard colors". Correspondingly, famille roses created in the late Kangxi period and matured in Yongzheng and Qianlong generations naturally belong to "soft colors".

Its "powder" and "softness" come from its unique craftsmanship.

When pastels are painted, a white pigment called "glass white" is added to the paint.

The glass white has an opacifying effect, which can make the painted pattern present a powdery and soft effect.

In addition, pastels also use rendering to express light and shade during the painting process, so that each color has different levels of changes, increasing the expressiveness of the painting.

Enamel, a mineral pigment, was introduced from Iran in the Yuan Dynasty.

Painting this kind of pigment on the copper body is the famous cloisonné, and painting on the porcelain body is the enamel color.

The enamel color was first created in the late Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, and the production process was very cumbersome.

First burn the white porcelain in JDZ; then send the white porcelain to Shendu, where it will be painted, inscribed with poems and signed by court painters;

Finally, the enamel is fired by the Office of the Ministry of Internal Affairs.

Unlike ordinary painted paints, enamel contains a lot of silicon oxide (the main component of glass), which is more like low-temperature lead glaze.

After firing, the surface is smooth and has a glass texture, and has a certain thickness, and the three-dimensional and layered effects can be clearly seen.

During the Kangxi period, all enamel pigments were imported, and there were relatively few colors, so they could only simply paint some flower themes.

Six years after Yongzheng, the Qing Palace Manufacturing Office developed nearly 20 kinds of enamel pigments.

During this period, the colors were greatly enriched, which made the production of enamel colored porcelain develop by leaps and bounds, and the ancient Chinese colored porcelain technology also reached its peak.

In order to fully highlight the gorgeous and colorful paintings, the overglaze colors are basically painted on white porcelain.

But there are also special cases, after the pattern is painted on the fired white porcelain (or unglazed astringent tire), a layer of low-temperature colored glaze is applied on the blank space as the ground color, and then it is fired in the kiln for the second time at low temperature, which is called low-temperature porcelain. Color glaze on glaze.

Varieties include yellow ground green color, yellow ground three colors, blue ground yellow color, blue ground three colors, red ground yellow color, green ground red color, purple ground three colors, etc.