My system is not decent

Official kiln porcelain is mainly used by huge bureaucratic groups.

The type requirements are relatively low, and they are mostly limited to subjects other than "ritual system" such as myths of flowers, birds, insects and fish.

Sometimes the royal family will purchase it as a "fun" game device, but it is mostly used by officials and wealthy businessmen.

This type of porcelain is generally purchased by the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and there are special pottery supervisors in JDZ, who burn it all year round.

After the end of the Qing Dynasty, the production was stopped, and on October 2008, 10, the production was officially resumed by my country Guanyao Ceramics International Group.

And Chen Wenzhe definitely wants to re-fire official kiln porcelain from all eras, but this is unlikely in a short time.

Therefore, this time he mainly studied the official kilns of the Song Dynasty.

The official kiln originated in the Tang Dynasty and has two meanings, one refers to tribute wares, and the other refers to official factories.

From the Tang Dynasty to the Yuan Dynasty (eighth century to the fourteenth century AD), there were mostly tribute wares in official kilns, but few official factories.

The form adopted at that time was "government supervision and civilian burning", and the fired porcelain was "selected ten out of a thousand, and one out of a hundred" and paid tribute to the ruling class.

This kind of porcelain is called tribute porcelain and official kiln.

At that time, the Tang Dynasty set up secretary affairs in the porcelain production area.

For example, at the beginning of Jinglong in the Tang Dynasty, Chu Sui was the secretary of Xinping (Jingzhen), and he was ordered to supervise the burning of the mausoleum sacrificial vessels.

In the Song Dynasty, a supervisor was set up. For example, during the period of Taiping Xingguo, Zhao Renji was sent to the palace to supervise the kiln affairs of Yuezhou.

In the Yuan Dynasty, a bureau was set up to supervise Tao, and later it was changed to a general manager.

The "Jingde Nianzhi" and "Private Kiln" and other styles of porcelain they fired were called "Jingde Kiln" and "Private Kiln" respectively.

The so-called official kiln has different connotations in the history of ancient Chinese ceramics.

In a broad sense, it is a porcelain kiln specially run by the government as opposed to a private kiln, and its products are monopolized by the court.

In Song Dynasty porcelain, official kiln is a special name.

Refers to the celadon fired by the palace kilns in Bianjing (Bianliang, today's Kaifeng) and Lin'an (now Hangzhou) in the Northern Song and Southern Song Dynasties.

Therefore, there are "old official" and "new official", the former is the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty, and the latter is the official kiln of the Southern Song Dynasty.

The official kiln was built in Bianliang during the Daguan and Zhenghe years of the Song Dynasty. The celadon glaze is crystal clear and transparent, with cracks or ice flakes. The pink and purple mouth is definitely its characteristic.

The Song Dynasty moved south to set up official kilns at the foot of Fenghuang Mountain, also known as Xiu Nei Si official kilns or inner kilns.

The Jiaotanxia official kiln established under the Jiaotan has many shapes and large products with a diameter of more than one foot.

From the establishment of the "Fuliang Magnetic Bureau" by Kublai Khan in 1128 to the fall of the Qing Dynasty in the [-]th century, Jingzhen was the seat of the Royal Porcelain Factory of the Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.

my country's official kiln system lasted for 632 years in Jingzhen.

Jingzhen also has the government-run porcelain factory with the longest firing time, the largest scale, and the most exquisite craftsmanship.

Therefore, there are a large number of ancient broken porcelain buried on the spot because it is forbidden to flow into the people in the underground of Jingzhen.

Let this city become the official kiln site and "underground porcelain capital" with the most complete category, the most reliable age and the richest information in my country.

Let's go back to the official kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty, which are also called Bianjing official kilns.

According to legend, during the Daguan and Zhenghe years of the Northern Song Dynasty, a kiln was set up near Bianjing to burn court porcelain, that is, the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Gu Wenjian of the Southern Song Dynasty recorded in "Negative Xuan Miscellaneous Records": "During the Xuanzheng period of the Song Dynasty, the capital built its own kiln and fired it, and it was called an official kiln."

The capital at that time was Bianjing, because the site of Bianjing in the Song Dynasty had sunk into the ground, so far, the site of the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty has not been excavated.

Therefore, there is a lack of archaeological excavation site data and sufficient literature support for the official kiln site in the Northern Song Dynasty.

Up to now, there are still different opinions about the location of the Northern Song Dynasty official kiln site.

There are generally three theories, one is that the official kiln in the Northern Song Dynasty is Ru kiln;

The second is to deny the existence of official kilns in the Northern Song Dynasty;

The third is that the official kiln of the Northern Song Dynasty is the official kiln of Bianjing, which existed successively with the official kiln of Xiunei in the Southern Song Dynasty.

There are more people who support the third statement.

Few of the official kilns of the Northern Song Dynasty have been handed down from generation to generation, and their shape, quality and craftsmanship have something in common with Ru kilns.

Most of the utensils are antique, mainly including bowls, bottles, washers and so on.

The carcass is thick, the fetal bone is dark gray, purple or black, and the glaze color is light blue, pink blue, moon white, etc.

They have a common characteristic, that is, the enamel is moist and elegant, especially famous for the large cracks on the glaze surface, which is different from the official kiln, Ru kiln and Longquan kiln porcelain of the Southern Song Dynasty.

There are nail burn marks on the bottom, which has the characteristics of "purple mouth and iron foot".

In the Southern Song Dynasty, "Xiu Nei Si Kiln" and "Jiao Tan Xia Kiln" were successively established.

Official kiln wares of the Southern Song Dynasty have black, dark gray, light gray, beige, etc., with different thicknesses and delicate textures.

The glaze surface is opacified, with many flakes, and the glaze colors include pink blue, light blue, gray blue, moon white, beige and so on.

Due to the thin glaze applied in the mouth of the vessel, purple is slightly exposed;

When fired with a scraping glaze pad, the tires on the feet are exposed and appear reddish iron-colored, so it is called "purple mouth iron feet".

In addition to daily utensils such as bowls, plates, dishes, and washing utensils, there are also display porcelains such as statues, tripods, furnaces, and goblets imitating Shang and Zhou bronze wares and sacrificial ritual utensils.

At the foot of Fenghuang Mountain in Hangzhou, there are still historical relics such as the Laohudong kiln site of the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln and the suburban Tanxia kiln site of the Southern Song Dynasty official kiln, all of which are now state-level cultural relics protection units.

In the Ming Dynasty, the form of "government-run private burning" was adopted, and there began to be official factories specializing in burning tribute porcelain.

For example, an imperial wares factory is set up in Jingzhen, also known as Jingzhen Imperial Kiln Factory.

Special factory officials were dispatched, the funds came from the local area, and the staff was appointed. There were more than [-] kilns dedicated to firing imperial wares, that is, tribute wares.

After the development of the Song Dynasty, porcelain firing has reached a peak in terms of firing technology and types of utensils.

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There are different representative varieties in each period, such as Yongle Tianbai, Yongxuan Blue and White, Chenghua Doucai, Jiawan Wucai and other porcelain leaders.

During the reign of Emperor Yongle, the production of Jingzhen porcelain flourished. This period was an important stage for my country's porcelain firing to connect the past and the future, and to communicate internally and externally.

During the Yongle period, it was inherited from the Song and Yuan Dynasties at the top and Kang and Qian at the bottom, and extensively exchanged and studied with foreign countries.

At this time, the skilled craftsmen, in addition to inheriting the exquisite craftsmanship of their predecessors and imitating the typical utensils of the Yuan Dynasty, also made bold innovations and improvements.

Therefore, Yongle sweet white, blue and white, underglaze red and other new porcelains with the characteristics of the times were fired.

In particular, multi-color low-temperature overglaze porcelain breaks the tradition of monotonous colors in the past, making it more pleasing to the eye.

This laid the foundation for the firing of Chenghua Doucai, Jiawan Wucai and even Kangyong dry pastel porcelain.

During Zheng He's voyages and diplomatic visits, Yongle Porcelain was able to communicate with other parts of the world.

It is mainly porcelain for export, and special porcelain for rewarding vassal states.

During this period, pigments and techniques were imported from foreign countries, such as Sumaliqing used in Yongle blue and white.

A batch of Yinsi porcelain with strong regional color also appeared in Yongle porcelain, which is not only the inheritance of the previous dynasty, but also the proof of learning from foreign countries in the new era.

The Qing Dynasty was a period of great achievement in the history of my country's porcelain making, and its porcelain making level reached an unprecedented peak.

Influenced by the feudal system of strict hierarchy and the historical tradition of porcelain making, the inscriptions on official kiln porcelain and folk kiln porcelain in the Qing Dynasty also had certain conventions in inscriptions.

At the same time, new inscription techniques such as gold color, ink color, and enamel color were created.

Moreover, there are more varieties of hall names, monograms, and auspicious words.