My system is not decent

In the Yuan Dynasty, the image of the half-side flower head was used more frequently, and it appeared in both the wrapped branch peony and the broken branch peony, which is the shape that best shows the characteristics of the image of the peony flower head.

The front and side shapes of peony flowers in the Yuan Dynasty mainly appeared in the twining flowers, which played a role in enriching the image of the flower head.

The difference between the half profile and the front profile is mainly in the image of the flower heart.

If the flower center is at a positive side angle, the entire flower head is at a positive side angle, that is, the flower center can only see the outermost petals, but not the stamen.

If the flower center is a half profile, that is, there is an image of a stamen in the center of the flower, the central petals surround the stamen, and the entire peony flower head is in the shape of a half profile.

The shape of the peony pattern in the Yuan Dynasty is also very unique, generally there are three types.

The first is the single peony pattern, which is the shape of the peony flower head.

By changing different angles of the flower center, three angle shapes of half side, front side and top view are created.

And the front side is more common, peony petals have two shapes: inwardly curved petals and outwardly rolled.

The shape of the peony petals rolled outwards can be seen from the shape of the sea pomegranate flower's curled petals and leaves in the late Tang Dynasty.

This shows that the expression of flowers has begun to develop from decorative to realistic.

The peony leaves are palm-shaped, and the tip of the leaf will also show a flip effect.

The shape of the peony stem is soft and stretched, and the stem is curved with a large arc.

With one up and one down, it forms a wavy S-shaped skeletal vine, connecting the flower heads, and on the wavy branches, dotted with realistic leaves to fill the gaps.

If it is a peony pattern in the fabric, the main composition form is twig flowers, and a few appear in the form of zigzag flowers.

The main stem of the flower stem is not obvious, and it only serves as an interspersed connection, mainly to highlight the beauty of the flower head.

The shape of peony flowers and leaves is mainly palm-shaped leaves with curved edges, mostly three-outlets, and the tip of the leaves is curved like a hook, although the leaves have turned from the front to the side.

But the images are diverse and unified, and they are shaped only for the layout needs of filling the gaps, and play the function of echoing and setting off the flower heads.

The second is the combination of peonies and other flowers. Among the daily necessities of the Yuan Dynasty, the pattern of peonies wrapped around branches was often interspersed with other flowers.

Such as lotus, chrysanthemum, etc. express auspicious meaning.

The combination of lotus and peony means "wealth and wealth for years to come".

It is often mentioned in "Old Beggar" and "Pu Tongshi" that there are "Four Seasons Flowers" silk.

In the Yuan Dynasty, a variety of flowers, fabric patterns organized together, and "One Year Scene" were popular flower themes in the Song Dynasty.

The third type is the combination of peonies and animals. From some surviving objects, in the Yuan Dynasty, the peony pattern with twining branches was often combined with the phoenix to form the pattern of phoenix wearing peony.

"Phoenix wears peony", which means happiness and auspiciousness.

In addition, peony is also combined with deer to form "official wealth and wealth", and the combination with Capricorn fish in Buddhism expresses auspicious meaning.

It can be seen that the peony flower itself is a metaphor for wealth and honor, and when combined with other animal and plant images, the auspicious meaning is derived.

Most of the images of animals and plants come from Buddhism, which also reflects the influence of Buddhism and Tibetan Buddhism in the patterns of the Yuan Dynasty.

Knowing the shape, you also need to know the characteristics.

To sum up, the peony flower became one of the most common plant patterns in Yuan Dynasty textiles.

This is a decorative pattern with the characteristics of the times that was developed in the Tang and Song Dynasties and was formed in the Yuan Dynasty.

Therefore, the tangled peony pattern used in the Yuan Dynasty is one of the most important decorative patterns.

It can not only show its rolling and continuous posture alone, but also can be used as a base pattern, coherently expressing auspicious meanings of various auspicious birds and beasts, and the combination of "Phoenix Wearing Peony" is the most common.

The flower heads are mainly viewed from three visual angles: top view, front side, and half side, and the shape is more stylized.

The flowers and leaves are naturally turned over, and the images are diverse and unified, filling the gaps in the shading.

The flower stem is soft and curved, and the main trunk is hidden among the flowers and leaves.

The peony patterns in the Jinjin brocade have a tight layout and less background color.

The peony pattern shown in brocade and embroidery retains the sparse and bright composition form of the Southern Song Dynasty, with more background color exposed.

The popularity of peony patterns with twining branches in the Yuan Dynasty originated from the foundation of Central Plains culture on the one hand.

Such as: the development of realistic flower-and-bird painting in Tang and Song Dynasties, and the development of flower patterns in Song Dynasty.

For example, the influence of the popular theme of "one year scene" patterns;

On the other hand, the influence of the Yilan decorative art style with Manchu, complex and dense styles in the Yuan Dynasty cannot be ignored. This is a popular decorative theme formed under the background of multiculturalism.

After the development of the Song Dynasty, in the Yuan Dynasty, in addition to the widely used peony pattern, the second was the lotus pattern.

Influenced by the realistic painting style of the Song Dynasty, the lotus patterns are naturally diverse.

This is comparable to the peony pattern, and can even surpass the peony pattern in later generations.

There are also folded branch flowers, twine branch flowers and strip borders in Bilian pattern.

The image is expressed in a realistic manner, showing half-side flower heads and front-side flower heads.

The flowers and leaves have two shapes: lotus leaf and palm-shaped lotus leaf.

Because the lotus is homonymous with "Lian", it is combined with other animals, plants, and characters to become elements that express different auspicious meanings.

Now that Chen Wenzhe is studying the peony pattern, he won't be distracted from studying the lotus pattern.

He can only wait for the opportunity to study this kind of decoration systematically from ancient times to the present.

At this time, it is most important to make Yuan blue and white peony wares. After all, he is now researching Yuan blue and white and has suitable materials.

It has to be said that as long as you are willing to spend money, there is nothing you cannot buy.

At the beginning, the mud, glaze and kaolin he bought were quite different from the Macang soil and Sumaliqing used in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

However, with the passage of time, perhaps the funds spent have been in place, and the raw materials purchased later are already very close to the kaolin mined in the Yuan and Ming dynasties.

Although it is not yet Macang soil, but with a little processing, you can get perfect Macang soil without even changing the ancient techniques.

Not to mention Su Maliqing. As I said before, this kind of thing disappeared in the country because of historical limitations.

In that ancient period, even between countries, communication was very difficult.

But now?As long as you are willing to spend money, can you still find it?

In fact, the origin of this cobalt material is in Quamsa Village, Poska Mountain.

Local villagers believe that it was a man named Sulaiman who discovered this cobalt material, so they named it after him.

Another way of saying is that Su Ni Ma Qing should be Su Ma Li Qing, which is the transliteration of English smalt, which means a kind of blue glass.

During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Zheng He traveled to the West seven times and brought back a batch of "Su Ma Li Qing" materials from the Samara region of Iraq.

In the 19th year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1591), the article "Yongle Xuande Kiln" in "Things Blue and Pearls" records: "The two kilns were all fired in the inner government, with brown eyes and sweet white as the usual, decorated with hemp liqing, and bright red as the treasure. "

Sumaliqing is a low-manganese and high-iron cobalt material. The blue and white color is dense and green, and the color is stable.

Because Sumaliqing has high iron content and low manganese content, it shows a sapphire-like bright color when fired at an appropriate fire.

Of course, there will also be silver-black ferric oxide crystal spots at the same time, that is, "rust spots", commonly known as "tin light".