I have a store in the comic world

Chapter 076 The first half circle and the second half circle

Correspondingly, heating the same amount of air at constant volume consumes heat Qv = 1 calories to raise the temperature by 0.000244 degree.

The heat difference between the two is Qp-Qv=0.000103 calories.

On the other hand, when the temperature increases by 1 degree, the volume increases to 1/274 times the original volume during isobaric expansion.

The work done by the gas on the outside can make the 1.033 kg mercury column rise by 1/274 cm.

即功=1.033x1/27400=3.78x10-5千克·米。

So Mayer concluded that the thermal work equivalent is

J=A/(Qp－Qv)=3.78x10-5/1.03x10-7=367千克·米/千卡。

Or 3597 J/kcal, and in the early 21s, the exact value was 4187 J/kcal.

Meyer also specifically examined several other different forms of force.

He used a generator as an example to illustrate "the transformation of mechanical effects into electricity."

He believed that "the force of fall" (i.e., gravitational potential energy) can be measured by "the product of weight and height (of fall)."

"Irrespective of the transformation of the force of falling into motion or the transformation of motion into the force of falling, this force or mechanical effect is always an unchanging constant."

Meyer was the first in the history of science to apply the thermodynamic perspective to the study of phenomena in the organic world. He examined the physical and chemical transformations during the life activities of organic matter and was convinced that the "vital force" theory was absurd.

He proved that the process of life is not called "vital force", but a chemical process due to the absorption of oxygen and food, which is converted into heat. In this way, Meier regarded the life activities of plants and animals as the transformation of various forms of energy from a materialist standpoint.

In 1848, Meyer published a book "Celestial Mechanics" in which he explained that the luminescence of meteorites was due to the loss of kinetic energy in the atmosphere.

He also applied the principle of conservation of energy to explain the rise and fall of tides.

Although Meyer was the first to fully propose the principles of energy conversion and conservation, within a few years of his work being published, not only did he not receive people's attention, but he was opposed by some famous physicists.

Because his thoughts were not in line with the popular ideas at the time, he was also slandered and ridiculed by people, which greatly stimulated him mentally. He was once imprisoned in a mental hospital and tortured.

It was Heymann Helmholtz of Germany who demonstrated the law of energy transformation and conservation from many aspects.

He worked for many years in the laboratory of the famous physiologist Muller, studying "animal fever."

He firmly believed that all life phenomena must obey the laws of physics and chemistry.

He had good training in mathematics in his early years, and he was also familiar with the achievements of mechanics. He had read the works of Newton, d'Alembert, Lagrange and others, and was deeply impressed by Lagrange's analytical mechanics.

His father was a professor of philosophy and a good friend of the famous philosopher Fecht.

Hyman Helmholtz accepted the influence of his predecessors and became a believer in Kant's philosophy, taking the great unity of nature as his creed.

He believed that if the "forces" (i.e. energy) in nature are conserved, then all "forces" should have the same dimensions as mechanical "forces" and can be reduced to mechanical "forces".

In 1847, the 26-year-old Helmholtz wrote the famous paper "Conservation of Force", which fully discussed this proposition.

This paper was a report at the Berlin Physical Society meeting on July 1847, 7. Because it was considered to be a general paper that was speculative and lacked experimental research results, it was not published in the internationally prestigious "Annals of Physics" at the time. It is printed separately in the form of a booklet.

But history has proven that this paper played an important role in the development of thermodynamics, because Helmholtz summarized the work of many people, extended the concept of energy from mechanical motion to all change processes in one fell swoop, and proved the universal principle of energy conservation.

This is a very powerful theoretical weapon that allows for a deeper understanding of the unity of nature.

Helmholtz claimed at the beginning of this paper that his "main content of the paper is to face physicists," and his purpose was to "establish basic principles, and draw various inferences from the basic principles, and then combine them with physics Learn and compare various experiences in different branches.”

There is an obvious tendency in his discussion, which is to attempt to attribute all natural processes to the action of central forces.

And we all know that the conservation of energy is correct under the action of only the central force, but this is only a special case of the principle of energy conservation, so it is incorrect to regard the central force as a condition for universal energy conservation.

His paper is divided into six sections. The first two sections mainly review the development of mechanics, emphasize the conservation of vitality (i.e., conservation of kinetic energy), and then analyze the conservation principle of "force" (i.e., the principle of conservation of mechanical energy).

The third section involves various applications of conservation principles; the fourth section is entitled "The force equivalence of heat," in which he explicitly abandons the theory of caloric mass and regards heat as a form of energy in the motion of particles (molecules or atoms).

Section 5 "Force Equivalence of Electrical Processes" and Section 6 "Force Equivalence of Magnetism and Electromagnetic Phenomena" discuss various electromagnetic phenomena and electrochemical processes, especially thermal phenomena in batteries, and conduct a detailed study of energy conversion relationships. .

At the end of the article, it is mentioned that the concept of energy may also be applied to the life process of organisms. His argument is close to that of Meier.

However, it appears that he was unaware of Meier's work at the time.

Helmholtz wrote in his concluding remarks: "The above description has proved that the laws we have discussed do not contradict any of the natural scientific facts known so far, but are strikingly confirmed by most of the facts. …The complete verification of this law must perhaps be regarded as one of the main subjects of physics in the immediate future.”

In fact, work to experimentally verify this law had begun long before Helmholtz's paper.

Joule made a huge contribution in this regard.

......

Fire overcomes gold because fire can burn gold "pure" and change gold into other elements. So what about earth overcoming water?

Zhou Wenwen thought for a long time and only had a few ideas to answer, but they were too reluctant. But it was okay, he could prove it from the side.

First, earth overcomes water because when the elements in earth combine with water, they can cause water to change. In this process, water will lose units, and earth will gain water.

Second, earth overcomes water because earth generates metal, and metal changes water. Water will lose units in the process. Although earth will not gain water, it will not lose units either.

At this point, Zhou Wenwen finally gathered the theory of the Five Elements Dayan Gong and could start to collect the energy of the Five Elements. At the same time, Zhou Wenwen taught the Five Elements Dayan Gong.

After collecting the energy of the five elements, Zhou Wenwen stood on a large platform under the protection of Tis. With himself as the center, he used red paint made of cinnabar to draw a circle with a radius of 3.6 meters.

Zhou Wenwen then used black paint made of pine charcoal to draw a circle with a radius of 3 meters. After that, Zhou Wenwen used two kinds of paint to draw a circle with a radius of 2.4 meters. The red paint painted the upper half of the circle and the black paint painted the lower half. lock up.

......

To be continued

Chapter 077 Preview Spiral Scroll