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GaAs materials are expensive, which limits the popularity of GaAs batteries to a great extent.

Copper indium selenide thin film cells are suitable for photoelectric conversion, there is no light-induced degradation problem, and the conversion efficiency is the same as that of polycrystalline silicon.

With the advantages of low price, good performance and simple process, it will become an important direction for the development of solar cells in the future.

The only problem is the source of materials. Since indium and selenium are relatively rare elements, the development of this type of battery is bound to be limited. l

Nanocrystalline chemical solar cells are recently developed and have the advantages of low cost, simple process and stable performance. Its photoelectric efficiency is stable at more than 10%, its production cost is only 15 to 110 times that of silicon solar cells, and its life span can reach more than 20 years.

Organic thin film solar cells are solar cells whose core is composed of organic materials.

Dye-sensitized solar cell, DSSC, is a newly developed solar cell.

DSsC is also called Grtzelcell because the structure published by Grtzel et al. in 1991 is different from general photovoltaic cells in that its substrate is usually glass.

But it can also be a transparent and flexible polymer foil with a layer of transparent conductive oxide, TCO, on the glass.

Usually FTO is used, and then a layer of porous nano-sized TiO10 particles about 2 microns thick is grown to form a nano-porous film.

Then a layer of dye is applied to adhere to the TiO2 particles.

Usually the dye is rutheniumpolypyridylplex.

In addition to using glass and TCO, the upper electrode is also coated with a layer of platinum as a catalyst for the electrolyte reaction. Between the two electrodes, an electrolyte containing iodide triiodide is injected and filled.

Although the maximum conversion efficiency of DSC batteries is about 12%, the manufacturing process is simple, so it is generally believed that it will significantly reduce production costs and also reduce the electricity bill per kilowatt hour.

The manufacturing cost of dye-sensitized solar cells is very low, which makes them very competitive. Its energy conversion efficiency is about 12%.

Plastic solar cells are made from recyclable plastic films and can be mass-produced through "roll-to-roll printing" technology, which is low-cost and environmentally friendly.

......

What about solar cells?

The hunter thought carefully for a long time, and finally had to put the matter aside because of technical problems that could not solve the light source of solar cells, and turned his attention to the remaining three types, chemical batteries, fuel cells, and Thermoelectric battery.

A fuel cell is a chemical device that directly converts the chemical energy of fuel into electrical energy, also known as an electrochemical generator.

It is the fourth power generation technology after hydropower, thermal power and atomic power.

Because fuel cell power generation is not limited by the Carnot cycle.

Theoretically, its power generation efficiency can reach 85%. However, due to various polarization limitations during operation, the current energy conversion efficiency of fuel cells is about 40%.

If combined heat and power is achieved, the total fuel utilization rate can be as high as more than 80%.

When fuel cells use hydrogen-rich gases such as natural gas as fuel, carbon dioxide emissions are reduced by more than 40% compared to heat engine processes, which is very important for mitigating the earth's greenhouse effect.

In addition, because the fuel gas of the fuel cell must be desulfurized before the reaction, and generate electricity based on electrochemical principles, there is no high-temperature combustion process, so almost no nitrogen and sulfur oxides are emitted, reducing atmospheric pollution.

The specific energy of liquid hydrogen fuel cells is 800 times that of nickel-cadmium batteries, and the specific energy of direct methanol fuel cells is more than 10 times higher than that of lithium-ion batteries.

At present, although the actual specific energy of fuel cells is only 10% of the theoretical value, it is still much higher than the actual specific energy of general batteries.

The fuel cell has a simple structure, few moving parts, and low noise during operation.

Even near an 11MW class fuel cell power plant, the measured noise is below 55dB.

For fuel cells, any substance containing hydrogen atoms can be used as fuel, such as natural gas, petroleum, coal and other fossil products, or biogas, alcohol, methanol, etc. Therefore, fuel cells are very consistent with the demand for energy diversification and can slow down the mainstream Depletion of energy.

When the load on the fuel cell changes, it responds quickly. It can withstand overload operation above rated power or operation below rated power with little change in efficiency.

Because fuel cells are highly reliable in operation, they can be used as various emergency power sources and uninterruptible power supplies.

The fuel cell has an assembled structure, is easy to install and maintain, and does not require many auxiliary facilities.

Fuel cell power plants are quite easy to design and manufacture.

A fuel cell is a power generation device that directly converts the chemical energy of fuel and oxidant into electrical energy through electrochemical reactions.

Fuel cells can theoretically operate at close to 100% thermal efficiency and are highly economical.

Due to the limitations of various technical factors and considering the energy consumption of the entire device system, the total conversion efficiency of various fuel cells currently in operation is mostly in the range of 45, and it can reach more than 80% if the heat exhaust utilization is taken into account.

In addition, fuel cell devices contain no or few moving parts, operate reliably, require less maintenance, and are quieter than traditional generator sets.

In addition, the electrochemical reaction is clean and complete, and rarely produces harmful substances.

All of this makes the fuel cell be regarded as a promising energy power device.

The fuel cell is an electrochemical power generation device that directly converts chemical energy into electrical energy in an isothermal electrochemical manner without going through a heat engine process. It is not restricted by the Carnot cycle, so it has high energy conversion efficiency, no noise, and no pollution. , is becoming an ideal way to utilize energy.

At the same time, as fuel cell technology continues to mature and the West-East Gas Pipeline Project provides sufficient natural gas sources, the commercial application of fuel cells has broad development prospects.

A fuel cell is an energy conversion device that directly converts chemical energy stored in fuel and oxidant into electrical energy isothermally based on the principle of electrochemistry, that is, the working principle of a primary battery. Therefore, the actual process is an oxidation-reduction reaction.

A fuel cell mainly consists of four parts, namely anode, cathode, electrolyte and external circuit.

Fuel gas and oxidizing gas are introduced from the anode and cathode of the fuel cell respectively.

The fuel gas releases electrons on the anode, and the electrons are conducted to the cathode through the external circuit and combine with the oxidizing gas to generate ions.

Under the action of the electric field, the ions migrate to the anode through the electrolyte, react with the fuel gas, form a circuit, and generate current.

At the same time, due to its own electrochemical reaction and the internal resistance of the battery, the fuel cell will also generate a certain amount of heat.

Chapter 0238 Preview of porous bodies