Beiyang reactionaries

Because the first five-year plan is over.From 1924 to 1928, the first five-year plan formulated by the Chinese government officially ended.Before the new cabinet came out, the cabinet held a meeting to make a summary of the first five-year plan.

First, Minister of Finance Li Sihao made a report on behalf of the Ministry of Finance.China's fiscal revenue has tripled in the past five years. On the one hand, we can see the great development of China's economy, but on the other hand, we can also see the situation of China's inflation.

When China carried out currency reform, it took back about 30 billion taels of silver and issued an equivalent 30 billion yuan in legal currency.However, as the silver continued to be recovered and the "Gold Act" was issued, after the private gold was recovered, an astonishing amount of paper money was released.And in the past few years, in order to plug the financial loopholes, the currency has been released every year.

As a result, the amount of banknotes that have flowed into the market in recent years has been astonishing, more than five times the currency released during the currency reform.It is precisely because of the release of so many currencies that the market is very lively.The prosperity of China's industry and commerce in recent years has something to do with the government's large-scale release of currency.

If not, there would not be such a high fiscal revenue.However, it can be seen from the composition of fiscal revenue that China's industry and commerce has been very active in recent years.

Originally, China's agricultural tax accounted for more than half of China's fiscal revenue.Later, after the customs revenue increased greatly, agricultural tax, customs duty, and salt tax became the main financial components.90% of China's fiscal revenue comes from these three taxes.However, it can be seen from the composition of fiscal revenue in 1928 that the industrial and commercial tax has surpassed customs revenue and has become the second largest tax in China.As for the salt tax, although it is still very high, it is no longer the main component of fiscal revenue.

As for the unified tax, it mainly refers to some industries that the government formulates monopoly.

Such as tobacco, alcohol, tea and the like.

Although they are not as high as the salt tax, they are not cheap at all.At present, they all belong to the scope of the central government's unified taxation, and the annual tax is also very high.

The main reason is the high tax rate.

Everyone was delighted to hear the 1928 revenue.After the Revolution of [-], the Beiyang government's annual fiscal revenue could not even pay the interest.At that time, those who were in charge of finances really cried for poverty every day.

How far did it reach when it was the worst.

After the Zhiwan War ended, Cao Kun took over Beijing, and his annual fiscal revenue was less than [-] million yuan.As the income of the central government, how to conquer those princes.Of course, the reason why the taxation of the early Beiyang government was so low was that it was unable to collect taxes from the provinces, and then the customs were in the hands of the great powers.Without these two big taxes, how can fiscal revenue increase.

However, since Duan Xun took over Beijing, Duan Xun unified the finances, took back the customs, and almost destroyed the middle class of landlords who collected land rents. As a result, the central government's fiscal revenue soared.The easiest comparison is Japan, which is close at hand.The finance of the Chinese central government is now three times that of Japan.China's current annual military expenditure is higher than Japan's fiscal revenue.

This is the biggest contrast.

The increase in strength is too obvious.

And this year there are still many government companies that share dividend income.In fact, the profits of large enterprises in China are not low at present, including those in the mining industry, which have high profits in a year.After all, many minerals produced by the mining industry have to be exported. Even if they can't make a lot of money, the profit will not be low.

But in fact, they have basically not handed over any money these years.Because those enterprises in China, in addition to government investment, also have a lot of bank loans.Generally, for many large mining companies, government investment only accounts for about 30%, and the rest is all borrowed from banks.That is to say, China invests 20 billion yuan in industry every year, and then the bank will have 50 billion funds to follow.Just relying on government investment, how can China's mining industry develop so fast, and how can the industrial scale be so large.So most of their profits now have to repay the loan.After the banks received their loans, they continued to issue these loans to the government.

Such is the relationship between the Chinese government and banks.

The function of most banks in China is to help the government raise funds.Then, according to the wishes of the government, those deposits flow into the industrial and transportation fields.Without this money from the bank, China's industrialization would not have been able to raise enough funds.

Why after the reform and opening up, everyone has been emphasizing high savings.It is precisely because Chinese people like to save that banks have become the backing of large government investments.It is said that investment drives the economy. Without the support of banks, how can the Chinese government get the big investment.

Duan Xun is the same now.

If it weren't for the banks that can be directed, relying on the massive funds in the hands of those banks, China's industrialization only exploits the countryside, and the funds are far from enough.

"In 1928, my country's coal output was 1 million tons. Among them, the output of coal factories directly under the Ministry of Energy Industry was 6 million tons, the output of provincial coal factories was 9700 million tons, and the remaining 4400 million tons were even lower. Small and medium-sized coal plants invested by first-level government agencies and private sector. This is 1900 million tons more than the target of 6000 million tons we set five years ago."

After Minister of Finance Li Sihao finished speaking, Minister of Industry Liang Huankui stood up and introduced the situation of the Ministry of Industry.The first thing to talk about is the coal industry.

The coal industry is the big brother, more important than any mining industry.Whenever the Ministry of Industry talks about their achievements, coal is always the first thing to talk about.

Because the first industrial revolution was the steam engine revolution, and the second industrial revolution was the electrical revolution.But regardless of whether it is the first industrial revolution or the second industrial revolution, one thing is inseparable, and that is coal.In the two industrial revolutions, the most important energy source was coal.China did not catch up with the first industrial revolution, and in fact, China also did not catch up with the second industrial revolution.

But if China wants to industrialize, it must grasp the tail of the second industrial revolution.But if you want to seize the second industrial revolution, coal is an essential thing.

In this era, coal production, like steel production, has become a measure of a country's industrial strength.

"From the perspective of coal production, China's coal production has surpassed the former Soviet Union, the United Kingdom and other countries, second only to the United States, and is the second largest coal-producing country in the world. However, China's coal industry is still in a relatively primitive state and lagging behind State. Although China has begun to use machinery and equipment and blasting methods, it still relies on a large number of people. In terms of coal mining efficiency, it is far lower than that of European and American powers. This is because we lag behind in coal mining technology and coal mine enterprise management Therefore, I suggest that our country should organize some managers and technicians in the coal mining industry to go to European and American powers to learn their coal mining technology and management technology, so as to improve China’s coal mine management capabilities and coal mining technology.”

When Liang Huankui was in Hunan, he opened an antimony mine.His antimony mine in Hunan is sold overseas because of technical reasons.However, due to management problems, it finally faced bankruptcy.Later, he was in charge of the Ministry of Industry of China, and contacted more and more mining industries and heavy industry factories.Therefore, I understand the importance of technology and management better than anyone else.

China's coal mines are highly productive but inefficient.

This is all because China's coal mining technology is insufficient, and there is insufficient management capacity.

"Another point is that after our Ministry of Industry delegated some powers, the situation of local coal mining is very serious. Especially those small and medium coal mines, although they have contributed a lot to my country's coal. But they have no sense of safety at all. What happened in 1928 Among coal mine accidents, 80% occurred in these small and medium coal mines. Therefore, I think that under the good situation of the coal industry, it is still necessary to rectify these chaotic phenomena.”

"A human life is only once, and if it is gone, there will be no more chances. We cannot develop the mining industry at the cost of human life. It is necessary to strengthen the safety inspections of these coal mining industries and protect the safety of our mining workers. This We will discuss it later. Minister Liang, you continue."

Duan Xun nodded.

Agree with Liang Huankui.

Although China is now in a barbaric development stage, there will definitely be many casualties.Not to mention the coal industry, the current situation of all mining industries is the same, and there are many mine disasters.And like steel plants, there are casualty indicators every year.

In the process of heavy industry development, dead people are actually very common.It may sound ruthless, but that's how reality develops.Including the development of China's large-scale projects, in fact, it is also accompanied by a large number of casualties.

But the fact is so, but it can't be ignored.

Because the improvement of safety inspection is actually the process for these factories to get on the right track.It is the process of these factories moving towards modernization.But this is not the scope of today's discussion, today is mainly to summarize the first five-year plan.

"From the development of the coal industry in recent years, our Ministry of Industry has concluded one point. That is, in some industries, decentralization of some powers to local governments will bring some vitality to the industry. If the coal industry is not decentralized by the Ministry of Energy Industry It is impossible for our coal production to reach such a high level when mining power is delegated to local governments. However, after decentralization, if there is no sufficient supervision, there will be random mining of small and medium-sized coal mines. Regarding the first five-year plan Regarding the gains and losses of the coal industry, our Ministry of Industry has made a report and put it in front of you.”

"Next, let me talk about the data of the steel industry."

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"Next, let me talk about the data of the steel industry."

After talking about coal production, Liang Huankui immediately talked about the steel industry.Because in today's industrial countries, the two most important indicators are coal and steel.

Of course, as oil becomes more and more important, oil production is also an important indicator.

But for China now, coal and steel are the most important.So the second one is about steel.Liang Huankui said: "In 1928, my country's pig iron output was 477 million tons and crude steel output was 620 million tons. It was twice as much as our plan to produce 300 million tons of crude steel, and the five-year plan was successfully completed. my country's crude steel output in 1928 The output ranks sixth in the world after the United States, Germany, the Soviet Union, the United Kingdom, and France. We have surpassed the crude steel output of Italy and Japan in recent years."

There are not many old imperialists in the world. The Netherlands, Portugal, and Spain, which were bullish in the early years, have all declined, and they have gradually withdrawn from the list of first-tier industrial powers.In other words, there are not many real industrial countries in the world.Don't say that there are only a few industrial countries now, and it will basically be the same in 100 years, without much change.After World War II, the world did not really add a few industrial countries.

The advantages of big countries can be easily seen from steel production.

At present, China has seven large iron and steel plants with a crude steel output of more than 40 tons, and three of them have a crude steel output of more than 50 tons.Four of them were built with the help of Japan.Hanyeping Company with the longest modern history in China, Zhang Zhidong used a lot of Japanese funds because of a serious lack of funds after its establishment.Therefore, for a long time at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, Hanyeping Company said it was a Chinese steel company, but it was actually completely in the hands of the Japanese.The Japanese used Hanyeping Company to exploit China's iron ore wantonly and bought a large amount of pig iron at a low price.Therefore, although the Hanyeping Company was not built with the help of Japan itself, it was also inseparable from Japan in history.

Other Sichuan Iron and Steel Plants, Handan Iron and Steel Plant, and Tangshan Iron and Steel Plant were built with the help of Japanese loans, Japanese machinery and equipment, and Japanese technicians during Duan Xun’s honeymoon with Japan.It can be said that it is a real steel factory with Japanese origin.

Six or seven years ago, Japan was China's undoubted teacher in the field of iron and steel. The development of China's iron and steel industry is inseparable from Japan's support.However, after six or seven years, Japan's crude steel production has just exceeded 300 million tons.

However, China's crude steel production has already exceeded 600 million tons.

Get rid of Japan completely.

This is a big country.Because Japan does not have iron ore in its own country, it needs hundreds of millions of funds every year just to import iron ore.And now it is different from decades later, Japan can still sell steel after steelmaking.Now Japan's steel is digested domestically, so there is no need for so much steel.As a result, the Japanese steel industry is almost at a standstill.

If they hadn't signed a "trade agreement" with China and received a large number of orders from China, it would be difficult for their steel output to exceed 300 million tons.

On the Chinese side, with the development of China's steel industry, China's steelmaking technology and steel rolling technology are developing rapidly.In the past, China didn't have much steel production, so it didn't have much experience.However, with the increase of China's steel production, many technologies will develop simultaneously around the steel industry.Although it is not as good as the European and American powers, many technologies are slowly digested in China, and Chinese technicians are slowly learning them.

This is experience.

The same goes for blast furnaces.