At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty

Like the Shiqu Pavilion meeting in the period of Emperor Xuan of the Han Dynasty, the meeting of Baihuguan in the period of Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty was actually a general confrontation and redistribution of interests between various academic masters in order to compete for the right to sentence sentences.

That year, the meeting went on and on for more than a month.

Whenever this group of scholars reached some consensus, they would submit the proposal to Emperor Han Zhang, who would personally decide whether it was appropriate and whether it could be passed.

What is in line with Emperor Zhang's will and what is not in line with Zhangdi's will.

Those who conform will be accepted, and those who do not will be rejected.

It is unknown how many verbal confrontations and secret confrontations occurred, and what price the academic sects paid to influence the decision of Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty.

Anyway, Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty at that time would certainly not feel that he had suffered a disadvantage.

The right to sentence sentence is related to the fundamental interests of the academic sect and the long-term development interests in the future. It is an unbearable weight in everyone's life and absolutely cannot be lost.

As the decider, how could the emperor suffer?

The Baihuguan meeting was also a war without gunpowder.

In the end, more than a month later, Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty and elite scholars from all over the country reached a basic consensus after fierce fighting and exchange of interests.

Officially, they thoroughly integrated all academic views and ruling knowledge of the time.

Everyone made a comprehensive compromise and shared the spoils.

Later, Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty ordered Ban Gu, one of the authors of "Han Shu", to write all the results of this meeting into a book, named "Baihu Tongyi", to make a summary of this, so that everything can be concluded.

From then on, we will act according to the results of this meeting.

The significance of this Baihuguan meeting was far-reaching, and it directly affected the transformation of old-fashioned powerful gentry after the middle of the Eastern Han Dynasty, and the transformation of old-fashioned gentry into powerful families in the later Jin Dynasty.

This directly and indirectly affected the entire history of China during the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties for hundreds of years.

Its influence still existed until the Sui and Tang Dynasties.

The imperial examinations born in the Sui and Tang Dynasties were also entangled for two to three hundred years under the influence of powerful families. It was not until the end of the Tang Dynasty that the imperial examinations gradually gained the upper hand.

And all this can be traced back to the White Tiger View meeting, and Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty who made the final determination of the results of this meeting.

The [-] schools of family law inheritance that were finally won through this meeting have also become the official orthodoxy since then.

The laws of the Five Classics and Fourteen Schools have thus been confirmed, and the final victors of the fourteen schools have safeguarded their own interests, and can each choose their inheritors to divide their interests in the official circles of the empire.

The era of disciples and old officials all over the world began. Scholars passed the Bronze Age and entered the Silver Age, and entered the Golden Age in the late Cao Wei and Western Jin Dynasties not long after.

This is an important conclusion of this meeting.

Another important outcome of this meeting was that from an official point of view, it was confirmed that the theory of divination and weft was an orthodox academic study, and that the theory of divinity and weft was integrated into Confucianism.

Originally, the theory of prophecy and weft was not within the scope of orthodox academics, and the theory of gods and ghosts was not originally recognized by Confucian students.

Confucius is a famous person who doesn't talk about strange powers and confuses gods. He advocates respecting ghosts and gods and keeping them away.

However, Liu Xiu relied on the support of the powerful and the knowledge of prophecy, and his own ruling foundation was not solid. In order to consolidate his position, he had to use the knowledge of prophecy to make his position sacred and inviolable.

In order to further confirm the orthodoxy of this matter, Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty would naturally choose to accept the school of divination and weft as the orthodox school.

Whoever admits it will get benefits, and continue to spread it. If you don't admit it or accept it, then don't talk about it, and you will definitely be hit.

There's another important ending, just as far-reaching.

That is, in order to meet the needs of the ruler, Confucianism affirmed the three cardinal principles and six disciplines, and for the first time listed the monarch as the subject of the three cardinal principles. From the academic and ethical point of view, it is recognized that the loyalty of the subjects to the emperor should surpass the respect and love for their parents. , and write it into the textbook.

Loyalty comes first.

Although the concept of filial piety is highly regarded, when it comes to real power struggles, loyalty is always the emperor's most important thing.

There are other minor details.

For example, when it comes to sexuality, after a group of Confucian scholars discussed it, Emperor Zhang of the Han Dynasty personally made the decision, stipulating how many times people should have sex with concubines under the age of 50.

There are strict regulations on whether a man of different status is eligible to take a concubine, when and under what circumstances, the amount of concubines, and so on.

There is also how to educate the noble children about sex, and how to let them understand this knowledge in a healthy way.

It's quite humane.

There are many details and small rules, but the most important are three.

Establishment of the Five Classics and Fourteen Schools of Law.

The theory of prophecy was integrated into Confucianism.

The ruler guides the subjects and becomes the first of the three cardinal guides.

Therefore, after the White Tiger Temple Conference, Confucianism was further officialized and theologized, and Dong Zhongshu's induction between heaven and man was carried forward.

Since then, in order to cater to the needs of the rulers, Confucianism has completely deviated from Confucius's idea of ​​"respecting ghosts and gods and keeping them at a distance", and also abandoned Confucius' academic style of "Zibuyu speaks strange powers and confuses gods".

Confucianism is theologized, and Confucius is deified.

In order to cooperate with the rulers to survive, Confucianism began to develop as a state religion.

At the same time, this further integrated the thoughts of Confucian scholars and laid the foundation for Confucianism to completely monopolize the ideological and academic market.

Then, of course, the total victory of the ruler.

This meeting of the White Tiger View allowed the ruler to obtain the best ideas for ruling his subjects.

The ruler is the subject and cannot be changed, the three cardinal principles and six disciplines have finally taken shape, and the feudal ethics system has basically been established.

The regulation of the family, the country, and the world has basically taken shape. The emperor is the head of the world, and there are families under the world, and families have their parents.

The power of the patriarch over the clan is equivalent to that of the emperor over his subjects.

The power under the feudal ethics system is like this. For their own interests, people will do their best to maintain this system and indirectly maintain imperial power.

Although in the end, such best ideas will also backfire on the ruler himself, but that should not be seen by Emperor Hanzhang.

Developed to where Guo is now, the most influential thing about the Baihuguan meeting today is the popularity of auspiciousness.

Whatever the rulers want to do, they must create a little auspiciousness to prove their legitimacy.

Although Guo hates the theory of prophecy and latitude, his superior position cannot do without the study of prophecy and latitude, which provided him with a lubricant to reach a compromise with the scholars.

Without the lubricant of the knowledge of prophecy, he would have to go through a lot of twists and turns if he wanted to succeed.

With the science of prophecy and weft, it will be different.

Putting on a veil of mystery, the officials and the emperors have a lubricant for running in with each other, and there is also the best backer who can agree with each other-God.

Someone Guo became the emperor because of the appearance of auspiciousness, which is God's will.

Wei Daihan is obviously also God's will.

It's not that we as courtiers don't stop it, but God's will requires it, so how should we stop it?

Doing things is because auspiciousness appears, and since auspiciousness appears, it is God's approval.

Of course, the emperor and his subjects should do things that God approves of. If something goes wrong...

That's God's will!

Perfect toss.

Perfect righteousness.

It's so damn perfect.

So no matter from which point of view, it is good for the rule to integrate Confucianism into the theory of divination and weft, and it can provide convenience.

Mr. Guo is very 6 when he plays this game, so he has no intention of changing it for the time being.

But another thing had to make him care.

The Baihuguan meeting formalized and legitimized the fourteen schools of the Five Classics, and the fourteen winning theories each propagated their own sentences and competed in the highest power field of the empire.

Therefore, the right to punctuate sentences is the fundamental power that scholars rely on for their livelihood, and it is the foundation that determines the direction of a family's theory.

In an era without punctuation marks, how to punctuate a sentence will be how to interpret a classic.

How to interpret it will determine the academic thought of a sect.

The academic thinking will determine the specific thinking and working methods of the officials produced by the academic sect.

The so-called cultural monopoly means that what is monopolized is not knowledge, but sentences.

They only recognize this method of sentence punctuation, and they don't recognize the others. Even if you want to learn it by yourself, there is no way.

Therefore, Mr. Guo knew very well that if the cultural monopoly of scholars was to be completely eradicated, the power of punctuation should be taken back from them, and all sentences should be controlled by the central government.

Emperor Ling of the Han Dynasty asked Cai Yong and others to engrave the Xiping Stone Classics, probably because of this idea.

Perhaps it was because they wanted to break the monopoly of interpretation power of some Fourteen Schools of Law, or they wanted to have a standard for the convenience of the court.

The excuse at that time was that many family laws had disputes due to the differences in the pronunciation and shape of ancient and modern characters. In addition to different sentence breaks, the same classic also had different characters, so Cai Yong had to study in depth and unify them.

Later, Cai Yong told Guo Peng that at the beginning, Cai Yong started his work with the idea of ​​ending the increasingly fierce dispute between modern and ancient Chinese.

It is a pity that Guo, who participated in this work, can testify based on his experience at that time that the Xiping Stone Classic did not play the role it should have.

Cai Yong himself admitted that he really couldn't bear the pressure of those schools.

He will offend others if he uses anyone's or not. His status and status are not too high, and he doesn't have the sense of oppression of a master under heaven.

So he had to do some unruly actions, retaining the different characters of different families, so that the meaning of the Xiping Stone Classic is not so far-reaching.

After that, it was not until the "Five Classics of Justice" edited by Kong Yingda and others during the Tang Gaozong period that the world was officially promulgated as the standard for the imperial examination, and the protracted family law dispute was considered to be over.

What Mr. Guo has to do is not only to unify the different characters, but also to unify the fundamental problem of sentence segmentation.

With his dogmatism and prejudice, the enhanced version of "Five Classics of Justice" came out ahead of schedule.

Break the monopoly of the Fourteen Schools of Law, unify official academic standards, and apply them to future imperial examinations.

It further evolved from learning in private schools to learning in the central government. The central government came forward to build unified education in schools, took back the right to teach from the hands of the gentry, and spread it all over the world.

What can kill this is not papermaking, not printing, but the small and inconspicuous punctuation marks.

Papermaking and printing can speed up this historical process, but what can be done in one step is punctuation.

Papermaking and printing are both aids to punctuation.

In the hands of the current Guo, the real big move is the most inconspicuous punctuation mark.

chapter 1018 one thousand and twenty-seven punctuation mark revolution

The ancient Chinese did not have punctuation marks.

And sentence reading can't be mastered without long-term training.

Therefore, even if printing and papermaking are mastered, the cost of cultural transmission is greatly reduced, but the efficiency of education is still very limited.

And Mr. Guo knows what punctuation marks are, and also knows the meaning of punctuation marks.

The use of punctuation marks is a decisive blow to the Five Classics and Fourteen Schools.

Use brand-new punctuation marks to make the most authoritative punctuation of the classics, and use the emperor's coercive force to fix it, no changes are allowed, and other interpretations are not allowed to continue to exist.

And from now on, all books must use punctuation marks to make complete sentences and get the approval of the emperor before they can be published in the world for people to learn.

In this way, disputes are cut off, orders are issued, and middlemen who try to monopolize the power of interpretation are eliminated.

In this way, the cultural monopoly of the gentry can be fundamentally broken, and they can be swept into the dustbin of history.

Directly bring the Chinese civilization into the next era, and skip the hundreds of years of extremely boring family disputes.

In fact, someone Guo has already started to do this.

All the classic books among the thread-bound books produced in the secret workshop in the Taihang Mountains were personally segregated by Guo and ordered to be published.

Period, comma, colon, exclamation point, question mark, dash, semicolon, book title...

The punctuation symbols of the other are used by Guo.

A certain Guo has received the elite education given to him by Lu Zhi, has learned sentence reading, and has the ability to punctuate sentences.

In his early years, under the guidance of Cai Yong, he participated in the burning of the Xiping Stone Classics in Luoyang Dongguan, and completely read the fourteen kinds of sentences and different characters in the five classics.

Therefore, Mr. Guo has some understanding of the interpretation methods of the Five Classics and Fourteen Schools of Law, and has received specific guidance from Lu Zhi.

When punctuating sentences, he mainly made his own judgments based on his own opinions and some modal particles, as well as some modern memories that he had never forgotten, and used punctuation marks to make new sentence sentences and annotations for the five classics.