Into Unscientific

math.

   As one of the most far-reaching subjects in human history, its formation time is even earlier than physics.

  Whether it is the East or the West, as early as thousands of years ago, there were a large number of related documents or works.

  This is actually a necessity caused by living habits.

   For example, a farmer.

  When he sees the sun, he may be curious about why the sun rises in the morning and sets at night, or why it is warm in winter and cool in summer, but it is only curiosity, and it is impossible and unable to study it in depth.

   But math is different.

  The harvest of your fields and the change of the price of buying and selling goods all involve the knowledge of mathematics.

  With more foundation soil, the formation of the system will naturally be faster.

  Before the establishment of natural sciences, the European education system was called classical. Or classical literature system.

  And the core subject of this "literature" system is mathematics.

   Therefore, in the 13th to 17th centuries, many mathematicians often had the identity of philosophers or artists.

   such as Descartes, Bernoulli, etc.

  This is why many early mathematical models are often linked to violins and pianos.

  Mathematics is a subject with a long history, and there are countless sects. Therefore, it is inevitable that the mathematics world will often come up with various rankings.

  The ranking of these so-called top ten or top mathematicians is also controversial, and it is difficult to reach a conclusion.

But on the other hand.

  It's like the calf in physics always loves to fight with gods, and the third child is as stable as Mount Tai.

   There are also four figures in the mathematics world who always rank among the top four in history.

They are:

  Archimedes, Mavericks, Gauss, Euler, and occasionally Riemann—but not often.

  Anyway, there are five of the Four Heavenly Kings, which is normal, right?

all in all.

   These people are the proper first echelon. Among them, Archimedes will be honored as the first person in the history of mathematics most of the time because of his age bonus.

  Below them are the heroes of Cauchy, Poincaré, Fermat, Pythagoras, and Lagrange.

  Gauss, as one of the four heavenly kings who can rank alongside Archimedes, is self-evident.

  He left a lot of theorems beginning with Gauss, tormenting countless college students in later generations, and I don’t know how many people hanged on the tall tree engraved with Gauss’ name

  When Xu Yun was studying Dawu, his tutor also said a joke, which still impresses me deeply:

   If on an exam you prove a theorem but forgot what it was called, but the title of the proof says you have to name it, then Gauss is obviously always a good answer.

  Currently, the mathematics department has insufficient computing power, so Xu Yun naturally put his mind on foreign aid.

   And since they are looking for foreign aid, it is obvious that they should go to the most capable boss to hug their thighs.

  It is now 1850, Archimedes passed away nearly 2,000 years ago, and Euler died of illness more than 70 years ago.

   As for the calf.

  Xu Yun just visited his grave.

  Currently the only big bosses living in the world are the Heavenly King Gauss, and the half-step Heavenly King Riemann who has cultivated to the realm of the Little Heavenly King Dzogchen and can survive a blow from the Heavenly King.

   At the same time, it so happens that these two are Germans.

  So with the idea of ​​doing everything, Xu Yun simply unplugged the cover, and simply packed the German mathematics elite together.

Of course.

  Xu Yun asked Gauss for help this time, not purely for Gauss' fame.

   But because Gauss had very, very extensive experience in astronomical calculations.

   This experience is called Ceres.

   Ceres was discovered by the Italian astronomer Piazzi in 1801. Piazzi, the "harvest goddess" in Greek mythology, named it Ceres.

   But then Piazzi delayed the observation due to illness, thus losing the track of the asteroid.

  So in desperation.

  Piazzi published the data of his previous observations, hoping that astronomers around the world will find them together.

  After receiving the news, Gauss easily calculated the trajectory of Ceres through the observation data of the previous 3 times.

  Austrian astronomer Orbes finally successfully discovered Ceres based on the orbit calculated by Gauss.

  This method was also published by Gauss in his book "On the Motion of Celestial Bodies", and Pallas is similar.

  Although Gauss is now 73 years old and has only five years to live, he seems to have reached the end of his life.

  But according to a large number of literature records of later generations.

  Gauss's old age is somewhat similar to that of Lao Su, who was still very active in the previous period, but suddenly deteriorated in a short period of time.

  He also calculated the trajectory of the trans-Neptunian object in September 1851, and completed the whole process independently, and it would not start to deteriorate until around October 1853.

   So it is not difficult to ask him to come.

all in all.

   With so many big mathematicians working as tools, if any accident happens during the observation of Pluto, Xu Yun will eat that ax on the spot!

   This time it was delicious!

  In the office.

  Looking at the dense list in front of him, Faraday couldn't help but exchanged glances with Weber.

   Both of them saw the same thought in each other's eyes:

  This job can be accepted!

   Mentioned earlier.

  Gauss is Faraday’s fanatical book friend. In history, he even sent blades to his door in order to chase Faraday.

   As for Weber, he was one of Gauss's only two good friends.

  How good is the relationship between Weber and Gauss?

   Together they invented the world's first telephone and telegraph system, together they invented the magnetometer, and together they drew the world's first map of the Earth's magnetic field.

  To commemorate their achievements.

   Leipzig Park also erected a statue of Weber and Gauss in later generations.

  In the two statues, Weber is standing on the ground, while Gauss is sitting on the arsenic chair. The two are chatting and laughing happily. Fifty meters away is the park shooting range

   Later, Goss even wanted to marry his daughter to Weber. In Goss's autobiography, he also wrote about the two rubbing each other's backs.

  When Xu Yun was studying in graduate school, there was an old woman in the group who claimed to have discovered the secret:

  Gauss married his daughter to someone else behind the back of rubbing each other, indicating that Weber is likely to be below average in some parts.

  Later, that old dirty woman married a good husband. She was very quiet at the gatherings in the early years, and she didn't look like a manly woman back then.

  The line of sight returns to reality.

   So after eye contact.

   Faraday nodded happily, and said to Xu Yun:

   "No problem, classmate Luo Feng, I will write a telegram to Friedrich after dinner."

   "I dare not say that all the people on the list are invited, but at least 60%. No, 70% are still sure."

  Xu Yun nodded in understanding.

be honest.

  He didn't expect Faraday to invite all these people.

   After all, he only knows the names of these people, and he can be sure that the other party is not dead and in good condition, but the situation is not so clear.

  Maybe he was busy with a project when he received the telegram, or he just had a cold and a fever recently. You can’t force the other party to come here after being sick, right?

   According to Xu Yun's prediction.

   There can be ten people present at the end, so there will be no problem with this observation.

   If there are more than fifteen, it is the kind that is too stable, and you can directly leave the keyboard with both hands.

   Then Faraday put the paper with his name back on the table, pressed it with a book, and said to Xu Yun:

   "Student Luo Feng, what about the operation process you mentioned earlier?"

  Xu Yun smiled at him, and said very wittily:

   "Don't worry, Professor Faraday, I will draw the schematic diagram for you now."

   After speaking, he picked up the pen and pondered for a moment.

   Draw a schematic diagram on the table.

  I saw that he first drew a sketch of a long pipe, and at the same time asked Faraday:

   "Mr. Faraday, do you remember the vacuum level of the vacuum tube you made?"

  Faraday nodded, with a trace of regret on his face:

   "Of course I remember, the value is seven percent."

  Faraday’s original vacuum tube experiment was inspired by Hoxby’s plan, and their purpose was to study the phenomenon discovered by Liang Kade:

  In 1676, Liang Kade moved the mercury barometer at night and discovered the phenomenon of "mercury fluorescence".

   That is, when the mercury in the barometer oscillates, there will be a flash of light in the Torricelli vacuum.

  Unfortunately, the vacuum tube that Faraday could make at that time was only 7% of the atmospheric pressure, so he had no choice but to give up this experiment—this is the origin of the Faraday dark zone mentioned earlier.

  After that, Xu Yun didn't answer the conversation, and lowered his head to draw on the paper for a few more minutes.

soon.

  A long tube with a more complex structure appears:

  This long tube is thick at the front and narrow at the back, with a black area connected to the end—Xu Yun’s remarks on the side are platinum electrodes, mercury in the middle, and a Lumkoff coil wrapped around the outside.

Of course.

  In Xu Yun's impression, the Rumkov coil should have appeared around 1850, but he is not sure in which month.

  So in order to avoid some unnecessary troubles, he did not mark the name of the Rumkov coil, and also modified some external resistances.

   See here.

   Some students must have already guessed it.

   Exactly.

  What Xu Yun took out this time was the enhanced Gessler tube!

  The degree of vacuum that can be achieved in 1850 is about 6 per thousand atmospheres, which is about ten times more precise than Faraday's original 7%.

   But let’s be honest.

  This degree of vacuum is still not enough in the experiment, and it is easy to make observational errors.

  So after careful consideration, Xu Yun directly took out a big killer:

   Gessler tube transformed by Pluck's student Hitov.

  The magically modified version of this Gessler tube can reach one hundred thousandth of an atmosphere, which is 600 times finer than Faraday's original!

  Although it is still a younger brother compared with the vacuum degree of minus 12 minus 13 powers of the later LHC, it is still enough for Faraday and others to tinker with in these years.

   Then Xu Yun raised his head, pointed to the schematic diagram and asked Faraday:

   "Mr. Faraday, can you understand the principle of this catheter?"

  Faraday stepped forward and took a few glances, and his eyes suddenly brightened:

   "Great idea, platinum electrode plus mercury extraction, venting air from above, oops, I didn't think of that!"

  Xu Yun glanced at Farah for the first time, but didn't speak.

  Physics. Or science experiments, sometimes it is so realistic.

  Even if you are a bigwig in the industry, the founder of a certain theory who can be ranked among the top in history, some problems are unexpected or unexpected.

   Faraday is actually pretty good.

  Although from the perspective of later generations, it is a pity that he did not discover electromagnetic waves, but Faraday himself has no concept of this.

  From my own point of view.

  His life can be regarded as a complete merit and virtue, leaving no regrets.

  Some unlucky people are really miserable. Maybe a young man in his twenties has solved the problem that he has studied for a lifetime, or even three months before he died, he suddenly knew that his lifelong research direction was wrong.

  This is also the cruel side of science.

   Then Xu Yun paused, and continued:

   "After the ancestor of Fat Fish designed this pipe, some readers came to him due to too many broken chapters, so he had to take his wife Tifa and Alice to take refuge in a hurry."

   "So, this vacuum tube has always been just a design drawing—in fact, those of us who are descendants also have the idea of ​​​​trying to make it. Unfortunately, our family has fallen, so we have never had the opportunity to conduct related experiments."

  Faraday nodded in sympathy when he heard the words.

  Also as a code word party, he often encounters readers who come to send blades.

   Isn’t one chapter updated only in five or six years, what’s there to urge?

  There are more than 5,000 words in a chapter, and if you count it, you have to write as many as three or four words a day

   Then Xu Yun straightened his face and said:

   "Mr. Faraday, according to the design of Fat Fish's ancestor, this vacuum tube should be able to observe relatively obvious phenomena."

   "Then just put a small windmill in the glass tube and let the current derivative hit the windmill. If the windmill turns, it means it has momentum."

   "At the same time, you can also put your hands deep into it. If there is temperature, it means that it has heat energy."

   Farah nodded while listening first, not aware of the possible consequences of Xu Yun's last words.

   After a while, he understood all his thoughts, and asked again:

   "I wrote down the process, but Luo Feng, this seems to be somewhat different from the verification charge you mentioned, right?"

  Xu Yun glanced at him, shook his head, and said:

   "You are wrong, Mr. Faraday, have you not discovered one thing?"

  Faraday was slightly taken aback:

"What's up?"

  Xu Yun pointed to the catheter on the diagram and said

   "According to the idea of ​​Fat Fish's ancestors, the light derived from the current is the particle flow of charged particles"

  Faraday and Weber were stunned for a moment when they heard the words, and then their pupils shrank!

  If there is a microscope present at this time, you can find that goose bumps are slowly emerging on their exposed skin.

   There is a fireplace in the house for heating, but the atmosphere is freezing.

   It took a while.

  Faraday's eyes moved.

  I saw him turn his head, look at Xu Yun, and said word by word:

  “.Electromagnetic waves?”

  Xu Yun nodded heavily:

   "Exactly."

   Then looking at the shocked Faraday, Xu Yun said again:

   "Mr. Faraday, it is actually very simple to verify the charged properties of fluorescence. You just need to verify whether they will deflect in the electric and magnetic fields."

   "We can apply a magnetic field and an electric field at the same time, so that the magnetic force and the electric field force cancel each other out, so that it can move in a straight line, so as to find the initial velocity."

   "Then after obtaining the initial velocity, the electric field is removed, leaving only the magnetic field."

   "If the light is deflected, as long as the angle at which the magnetic field exits is measured, the charge-to-mass ratio of the particles in it can be calculated."

   Faraday was silent for a long time, and there was a faint "ho ho" sound in his throat.

   After a long time.

  He exhaled a foul breath with a complicated complexion, filled with emotions in his heart.

  It turned out that there was only a thin line between me and electromagnetic waves and electric charges.

To know.

   Charged particles will be deflected in the electric field and magnetic field. This concept was discovered by himself.

  Unfortunately, in order to study the problem of the vertical component of geomagnetism, I gave up the idea of ​​continuing to improve the precision of the vacuum tube.

  Thus missing out on such an important achievement.

   is across from him.

  Looking at Faraday, whose face was cloudy and uncertain, Xu Yun's expression was a little sad.

  Readers who have taken the history of physics should know it.

   When Faraday studied the glow effect in 1838, he actually observed the vacuum tube in the electromagnetic field.

   But due to the vacuum problem, the fluorescence is not deflected in the end.

  It may be better to understand with another example here:

   Fluorescence is like a group of soldiers, who will immediately advance ten meters after hearing the order.

  If it was in the wilderness, that is, in a completely vacuum environment, this team of soldiers would naturally complete the order with ease.

   But if they are in a sea of ​​people, every soldier who hears the order has to push away the crowd around him to move forward, it will be very troublesome.

   It may just be a little difficult if the crowd density is not high.

   But once the crowd is particularly dense, the soldiers, let alone advance, can only be dragged around aimlessly by the crowd.

  The air molecules in the vacuum tube are the crowd, and the electric field is the order of the fluorescent deflection.

  The vacuum tube used in the experiment is equivalent to the conditions of different crowd densities.

  Faraday’s 7% vacuum tube at that time was still equivalent to a busy city, so the fluorescence did not fluctuate.

  The strengthened Gessler tube can reach one ten-thousandth of a vacuum, and it is very easy to deflect the fluorescence.

   More critically.

  Different from original history.

  Before today, Xu Yun had already proved the existence of electromagnetic waves by using the photoelectric effect.

  Therefore, Xu Yun just mentioned the colorless 'light' of the current derivative on the opposite side, and Faraday thought of its essence.

  Since the 'light' derived from electric current is an electromagnetic wave, it must have particle nature.

  Has particle properties and can be deflected under the electromagnetic field.

   What is this if it is not a charged charge?

Of course.

  Readers of later generations must be very clear.

   This kind of glow in the vacuum tube is the cathode ray, which was originally discovered by Pluck in 1858 and named by Goldstein.

  Its concept does not need to be elaborated, because its importance lies in helping humans complete the early cognition of rays, and its application range is also very wide in later generations.

   But in itself there is not much special complexity.

   But one of the more outrageous things is that .

  If you search for the question 'who discovered cathode rays' on Baidu, the answer that appears is not Pluck.

   but another person:

  Joseph John Thomson.

   That is the JJ Thomson who wrongly judged Lao Tang when Xu Yun started the dungeon.

  God sorry to see you.

   In 1858, JJ Thomson was only tmd two years old. How could He De discover cathode rays?

   What is even more outrageous is that Xu Yun proposed to correct and fix this problem, but was called back by Baidu.

To know.

  Whether it is the discovery of cathode rays or the naming, it has nothing to do with jj Thomson.

  The reason why the cathode ray is called the cathode has nothing to do with its charged property, but because it is a ray emitted from the cathode.

  JJ Thomson's contribution is to determine the negatively charged nature of cathode rays, thereby calculating the specific charge of the electron, that is, the charge-to-mass ratio.

  As for the charge of electrons, it was measured by the Millikan oil drop experiment—but this experiment is a well-known scandal in the history of science, a Nobel Prize that was obtained by cheating.

  Back then, Xu Yun and his friends searched for oil drops in the laboratory and found eye pain. The data did not match at all, and the result was about 50 squeezes per person to produce a drop of oil. If you say too much, you will be crying.

  The line of sight returns to reality.

   Opposite Faraday.

  While Xu Yun sighed, he also had a glimmer of expectation in his heart.

   Next, Faraday will go to repeat the experiment according to his own plan.

   That is, put a small windmill on the rack, and touch the rays with your hands.

   And it is worth mentioning that.

   In the vacuum tube designed by Xu Yun, its platinum base can be regarded as a metal plate.

  What happens when the cathode ray hits the metal plate? This is the story recorded in Chapter 8 of the fifth grade Chinese volume 2

all in all.

  Although I was a little sorry for Pluck and JJ Thomson, it turned out to be a good thing—Faraday patted his chest with a firmer attitude than before, saying that he would definitely be able to fool the people on the list.

   I don’t know where Faraday’s confidence comes from. It seems that those people will definitely rush to Cambridge University.

that's it.

  In a somewhat delicate atmosphere, Xu Yun completed the deal with Faraday and said goodbye to each other.

   That night.

  A telegram was sent from Cambridge University to London.

  From London to Manchester

  Birmingham.

   Finally arrived in Germany, branches and leaves scattered.

  The content of the telegram is only one:

  【Faraday is critically ill, hurry to Cambridge! 】

Note:

  Updated almost 100,000 words this month, students who have a monthly ticket vote for it