Into Unscientific

  Chapter 254 It can be lifted (8.2K)

   "Appetizer? Dinner?"

   Hearing these two words that came out of Xu Yun's mouth.

  Old Fa, Stokes, and other professors felt a sense of strangeness.

   The determination of the speed of light, which is enough to shock the scientific world today, is just an appetizer in Xu Yun's mouth?

  Are you kidding me? !

  Don't look at the word speed of light, it seems very high.

  But in fact, it is a piece of data belonging to the nature of the physical 'base'.

   On the one hand, it represents that there is an upper limit to the movement of light.

  In other words, there is an upper limit to the transmission of information and energy.

   That is, what happens in different regions of the universe will not reach the earth in an instant. Or on any planet with life, creatures will not be "overwhelmed" by massive amounts of information.

   In this way.

  The macroscopic world can operate normally—from the perspective of future generations, it should be said that the evolution of life can proceed normally.

  Secondly, it is useful in geometric optics. There are a large number of formulas in the theory that need to use the definition of the speed of light.

  This definition may not produce straightforward numerical results, but it will constitute the rules and regulations of the theoretical model, and its importance is self-evident.

  So after calculating the results, Lao Fa and others generally felt very complicated:

  They were surprised that Xu Yun was able to finalize the long-debated calculation of the speed of light in the scientific community, and felt disappointed that the efforts of people like themselves could not compare with Fat Yu's plan more than a hundred years ago.

  I am also delighted that related theories and even human technology will get a substantial development.

   The result was unexpected.

  This is an ingenious plan that is enough to be recorded in the annals of history, and the proposer will undoubtedly win the Copley Medal.

  tmd is not a staple food?

  It's like the heroine in the book thinks that the other party has entered everything, but in fact only a small half of it has been entered.

   It's a very subtle feeling.

  So after learning that more than half of it was not filled in, Lao Fa suddenly felt a complex emotion of fear mixed with anticipation.

   The appetizer is so exciting, how about the main course?

  Old Fa even touched the inner pocket of his chest, where there were two tablets of nitroglycerin specially provided by the British royal family.

   Then he was silent for a moment, took a deep breath, and said to Xu Yun:

   "Student Luo Feng, what experiment do we have to do next?"

  Xu Yun glanced at Angus Roman not far away, then turned to William Whewell and asked:

   "Mr. Whewell, have you found all the other equipment I asked you to prepare?"

  William Whewell was talking and laughing with Stokes at first, when he heard this, he raised his waist pants and said softly:

   "Don't worry, it has been prepared a long time ago, but there are still a few small modules that are quite special, and they have been stored in the laboratory for the time being."

   "I have arranged for Thomson to take someone to pick it up in person, and he should be back within ten minutes."

  William Whewell's expression at this time was very kind, with an irrepressible joy in the corners of his eyes.

  He just learned about the significance of the photometry experiment from Stokes, and the current situation has little to do with Angus Roman's doubts.

   That is, no matter whether Xu Yun can produce evidence to refute the wave theory, it will not have much impact on his status as a "offspring of fat fish".

   After all, this scheme for calculating the speed of light is so ingenious. Who else could have come up with it except Fat Fish?

   It can't be Luo Feng himself, right?

  Under the background that the concept of wave-particle duality has been proposed, the importance of this experiment may not be much less than the evidence to refute the wave theory.

  This is like someone in the later generations solving Goldbach's conjecture, and the result is calculated, but Hodge's conjecture is proved.

  Even if he can't solve the guess in the end, isn't he a top mathematician?

   The answer is obviously no.

Of course.

   In the past, it was the judgment made by Stokes and others based on existing concepts without knowing Xu Yun's next arrangement.

all in all.

   In front of Xu Yun's appetizer.

  Prime's ultimate combo skill issued by Angus Roman has actually lost its effect on William Whewell.

   This means that he has retained the dignity of the dean of Trinity College, and he is still eligible to run for the new principal at this time.

  How could this make him unhappy?

  So before Xu Yun spoke.

  He first arranged for Thomson to go to the laboratory in person, and asked him to move the equipment requested by Xu Yun to the site.

ten minutes later.

  Thomson and Mai returned to the open space with a few boxes.

   Bang Bang Bang Lang Lang —

soon.

  Several parts, metal sheets with no specific material, metal spheres, and a wooden load-bearing frame the size of a piano were placed on the open space.

  Xu Yun put on latex gloves and began to assemble the equipment himself.

  While rubber gloves were not invented until 1889, latex gloves doped with basic lead carbonate had been around for 11 years.

  In addition, these parts have been debugged in the laboratory, so the combination is not particularly troublesome.

   More than ten minutes later.

  A simple electrolytic cell appeared on the wooden table where the flashlight was previously placed.

  The electrolytic cell is about the size of the food delivery box equipped by the food delivery staff of later generations. It is wrapped in black bandages and filled with solution.

  The solution is divided into two areas by a film from the middle, and a metal plate is inserted in each area.

  The size and appearance of the metal plates are all the same, which is obviously a pre-arranged specification.

   Then Xu Yun recruited Thomson to whisper a few words and asked him to assemble another set of experimental devices first.

   After Lao Tang left.

  Xu Yun nodded to the big bosses around him, and said:

   "Prince Albert, Mr. Faraday, Dean Whewell, oh yes, and Senior Roman, we can start the next stage of the experiment."

  Old Fa took another step forward, and was the first to come to the side of the equipment.

   As an expert in electricity, he is very familiar with electrolytic cells.

  I saw him with his hands behind his back, leaning in front of the electrolytic cell for a few glances, even sniffing his nose and sniffing, and judged:

   "Is this a .acid solution?"

  Xu Yun nodded and added:

   "To be precise, it is a mixed solution of silver chloride and fluorosilicic acid."

  Old Fajian said that he looked at the metal plate placed in the solution again, and stayed on it for a moment:

   "Platinum electrodes?"

  Xu Yun gave him a thumbs up and praised:

   "You have really good eyesight, that's right, it's the platinum electrode."

  Old Fa ignored Xu Yun's flattery, his brows were slightly frowned, and a look of confusion flashed in his eyes.

  Platinum electrodes, silver chloride and fluorosilicic acid, what do these have to do with light?

  Looking at Lao Fa who was lost in thought, Xu Yun tentatively asked:

   "Professor Faraday, shall I start now?"

  Lao Fa just came back to his senses, looked around, and quickly said:

   "Okay, let's get started."

  Xu Yun informed Prince Albert and the others next to him, and took a strong flashlight and an ammeter from Mai Mai.

  According to the original timeline.

  Weber invented the two-wire ammeter in 1841, and the electric power meter in 1846, which is an important node in the history of electronic components.

   These two nodes are neither advanced nor delayed in the current copy, so it is not surprising that Cambridge University can produce a high-precision ammeter.

   Then Xu Yun connected the ammeter to the electrolytic cell, turned on the flashlight, calibrated it and stuffed it into Mai Mai's hand:

   "Hold on, don't let go."

  Mai Mai let out a naive oh, and became a tool man.

  See this scenario.

  A question mark could not help but pop up in Lao Fa's head:

   "?"

  The electrolytic cell is not powered but illuminated with light. What kind of operation is this?

  However, Xu Yun had done the experiment of measuring the speed of light with a rotating mirror before, so Lao Fa and everyone continued to watch patiently.

One minute

five minutes.

ten minutes.

  When the time came to the thirteenth minute.

  Old Fa yawned and was about to speak.

   But before he spoke, the shadow of something beating seemed to flash in the corner of his eye.

  He subconsciously turned his head to look.

  The moment he saw the situation clearly, Lao Fa's scalp went numb:

  I saw this moment.

  The pointer inside the ammeter, which had no response at first, was beating weakly and persistently!

  Old Fa's actions quickly attracted the attention of other professors, and gradually some people followed him to focus on the ammeter.

   "Look at the ammeter!"

   "Hallelujah, where did the EMF come from?!"

   "It's worse than hanging, what kind of thing is this?"

   "The ammeter is moving, I don't play anymore, wdnmd!"

finally.

  Mai Mai answered everyone’s questions in a simple manner:

   "It's so strange, why is there a current in the electrolytic cell when there is no electricity?"

  唰—

   Next second.

  All eyes were on Xu Yun.

  Even William Whewell's eyes were full of curiosity.

  Although his knowledge in natural science is limited, he knows a little about the principle of the electrolytic cell.

  Electrolytic cell The electrolytic cell cannot work without electricity.

  But right now, Xu Yun is only relying on a strong flashlight to restore the current in the electrolytic cell—or the potential difference?

  Looking at the curious baby-like eyes of all the bosses, Xu Yun raised his head and looked up for a few seconds.

Hey.

  There are only less than 4,000 words, so there is no way to talk about it in the next chapter.

  So he sighed slightly, and said to Lao Fa:

   "One morning more than a hundred years ago, the ancestor of Fat Fish immersed two platinum electrodes in the electrolyte solution to adjust the equipment for an electrolysis experiment."

   "At that time, someone happened to come to visit, so Ancestor Fat Fish conveniently put the unpowered electrolytic cell by the window sill."

   "As a result, when he returned to the original place after meeting the guests, he suddenly found that there was a potential difference in the electrolytic cell!"

   "So he eliminated external causes one by one by controlling variables, and finally confirmed one thing"

   Said here.

  Xu Yun paused, looked around, and made a final decision:

   "When the platinum electrode is irradiated by light, it will generate an electromotive force. There must be a special close relationship between the electrical properties of the material and the light wave!"

   Hear this statement.

   There was another eerie silence at the scene.

   A few seconds passed.

  Old Fa gave Xu Yun a complicated look, and asked:

   "Did Mr. Fat Fish name this phenomenon?"

  Xu Yun nodded and explained:

   "Yes, the ancestors of Fat Fish called this phenomenon the photovoltaic effect, or photovoltaic effect for short."

  Old Fa turned his gaze to the grunting electrolytic cell, muttering:

   "Photovoltaic. Conductor"

   That's right.

   The second experiment that Xu Yun demonstrated this time is precisely the photovoltaic effect!

  The discovery of the photovoltaic effect in the native land was in 1839, and Alexander Becquerel saw this phenomenon by accident.

The phenomenon of the    effect is as demonstrated by Xu Yun:

  Put the two platinum electrodes into the electrolyte and irradiate them with light, and an electromotive force will appear in the electrolytic cell.

   But in this timeline.

  Mavericks affected.

The field of electronic components has developed at an extremely high speed. Becquerel's father, Anton Sisar Becquerle, participated in the invention of the electric light, so Alexander Becquerel also missed the opportunity to discover the photovoltaic effect . (No one noticed this foreshadowing, Sang Xin.)

Of course.

  Since Alexander Becquerel is mentioned, another person has to be mentioned:

   Marie Curie.

  1903.

  In recognition of the discovery of radium, the Nobel Prize Organizing Committee awarded the Nobel Prize to Becquerel and the Curie couple.

   Among them, Becquerel ranked first, Pierre Curie, the husband of Mrs. Curie, ranked second, and Mrs. Curie herself ranked third.

  And Madame Curie's name was added by Becquerel only at the strong request of her husband Pierre.

   But actually.

  Becquerel's wave of awards has a lot of water, and it can be regarded as the first batch of examples of mixed works.

  He won the Nobel Prize for a simple reason:

  He discovered natural radioactivity in 1896 and led related research.

   But actually

  Becquerel identified this phenomenon as fluorescence, and ignored it at all. The Curies were the ones who contributed the most to the discovery of radium.

  In addition, it is also a lie that later generations rumored that Pierre and Becquerel worked closely together.

  Pierre has always hated Becquerel. If the Swedish mathematician Robbie Gallagher hadn’t told Pierre the content of the nomination letter, Pierre might not have known who was nominated until the award was presented.

   As for what happened later, everyone should have heard about it.

  1906.

  Pierre Curie was hit by a carriage on the road and died on the spot.

  Marie Curie got together with her student Lang Zhiwan after being widowed for several years.

  It is human nature to form another family after the death of a husband, not to mention that Mrs. Curie is not seamless, the shortest is more than three years.

  But Lang Zhiwan was a married man at the time, which caused a lot of criticism on their love story.

   November 7, 1911.

  Reuters reported that the Nobel Prize in Chemistry will be awarded to Marie Curie that year.

   Results November 23.

   Mrs. Lang Zhiwan published a love letter from Mrs. Curie to Lang Zhiwan in the newspaper through her brother.

   Since then.

  The Gallic newspapers began to report on the "mysterious love affair" between Madame Curie and Langevin, and began to publish a large number of her letters.

  Some Gauls also went to attack her house and smashed her windows with stones.

  A group of Gaul scientists who originally supported Mrs. Curie also began to change their positions. They jointly wrote a letter to ask Marie to leave France.

   As a result, Mrs. Curie was not elected as an academician of the Gaul Academy of Sciences, but fled to a monastery in Gaul and hid for 14 months before she survived the wind.

  The insulting term 'Polish slut' appeared at that time.

  Here’s a more coquettish episode.

   After Lang Zhiwan separated from Madame Curie, his wife agreed that Langevin could openly have a lover other than Madame Curie as a condition to save the failed marriage.

after many years.

   In order to support his lover, Langevin had the cheek to ask Mrs. Curie to arrange a position for this female student in the research institute. (CNKI:SUN:KXSJ.0.2014-07-019)

   There are exotic flowers every year, especially in the early 20th century.

All right.

  The line of sight returns to the original place.

   Photovoltaic effect is not directly related to the fluctuation theory in the strict sense, but it is a step that cannot be ignored.

   Firstly, this is a transition in thinking, to prevent these big bosses from having a heart attack after suddenly seeing certain phenomena, causing a tragedy in the history of human science.

   In addition, for

   Inspired by the old method.

do not forget.

  The concept of semiconductor was proposed by Lao Fa.

  Look at his vibrating frequency like Wu's second son, is it a proper "epiphany" in fantasy novels?

  Several professors came to the electrolytic cell one after another and observed the phenomenon again.

  Stokes even touched the platinum electrode plate with his hands, and withdrew his finger with a whimper. (It is not recommended to try it. It generally feels a bit like the leaky metal main chassis. Don’t ask me how I know it. It’s the old iron)

   "That's weird."

   Touching his sore fingers, Stokes frowned suddenly and said:

   "Why does the platinum electrode generate electric current inside the solution when light is irradiated?"

   "According to Mr. Ampere's theory, the light makes a closed circuit with potential difference appear inside the electrolytic cell?"

  Another professor on the side stepped forward two steps, stretched his head and glanced into the electrolytic cell.

  This person is called Bart Burrigs, who is currently ranked among the top five physics experts at Cambridge University, and is also well-known in Europe.

   He pondered for a moment and analyzed:

   "Is it possible that it is a thin layer of impurities from the surface of the sheet? For example, doped with heat source effect?"

  Old Fa quickly shook his head, denying this guess:

   "The light from the flashlight should not be of the order to cause changes in the thin layer of impurities. At most, the bromide and iodide will decompose temporarily to produce an electrical effect, but it cannot last for a long time."

   Then he glanced at Xu Yun, who was "behaved. JPG", and reached out to pick up a clean platinum electrode from the table.

   slightly curled the slender index finger, and tapped on it:

   "Therefore, it is obvious that in a metal plate like a platinum electrode, there must be conditions that can form a self-owned field."

  Seeing this, Stokes couldn't help asking:

   "Mr. Faraday, did you think of something?"

  Old Fa's face immediately showed a hint of hesitation, as if he was engaged in some ideological struggle, and finally said:

   "Just some vague guesses"

   "I think there is such a possibility. For example, there are some charges in the platinum electrode. They were originally kept in a relatively balanced closed state, so they did not show the charged property."

   "Excited in the presence of light—or is the junction of equilibrium interrupted, causing a potential difference?"

   "However, in this way, the actual environment of the excitation may not be visible to the naked eye"

  Looking at the eloquent old Fa, Xu Yun remained silent.

  But the clasped hands showed that his heart was not at peace at the moment.

  Everyone knows.

  The essence of the photovoltaic phenomenon is due to the atomic energy band structure, which involves the concept of valence band and conduction band.

  The so-called valence band refers to the area relatively close to the nucleus.

  The electrons here are tightly attracted and cannot escape easily.

  The conduction band is the region away from the nucleus, where the electrons are unregulated and relatively free.

   If there is an external electric field to make these electrons run, then the material will conduct electricity.

  In addition to these two regions, there is another region above the valence band and below the conduction band.

  This region does not allow electrons to exist, that is, the forbidden band.

  So in the self-heating world, there are generally two completely different materials:

   A forbidden band is very narrow, or there is no forbidden band at all.

  At room temperature, electrons in the outer shell of its valence band can easily jump to the conduction band.

   This is the conductor.

   On the contrary, if the material's forbidden band is very wide, generally greater than three electron volts, and electrons stay in the valence band obediently at room temperature, then it cannot conduct electricity.

   This is an insulator.

  The material between the valence band and the conduction band with an energy gap less than 3eV is a semiconductor.

  These electrons will form a thing called a PN junction, with different electrical properties at both ends, and then form an electric field from N to P.

  This electric field is formed spontaneously, so it is also called the self-built electric field of the conductor.

  As for the function of the photovoltaic effect, it is to make the paired valence band electrons be "tempted" again.

  That is, electrons in the valence band absorb the energy of light, the energy becomes higher, and they jump to the conduction band.

  The holes separated from the electrons will be thrown to both sides under the influence of the self-built electric field, forming an electric field from P to N.

   This is the photogenerated electric field, and its direction is opposite to that of the self-built electric field.

  At this time, as long as an external circuit is connected, due to the potential difference, a current will be generated in the circuit.

  This is also the principle of photovoltaic power generation in later generations, but the utilization rate has not been increased, so it is only a developing project.

  In 1850, when the old Pharaohs lived, they didn’t even discover electrons. At most, Coulomb proposed the concept of charge, which is still a long way from real particles.

  The old law can rely on phenomena to connect to the inner 'knot', how can this not be surprising?

   Actually.

   This is not the first time Xu Yun has encountered such a situation.

  Calf for computing infinitesimal quantities in the 1665 copy.

  Lao Jia who deduced the curvature in the 1100 copy

   Lao Su, who built a self-priming pump with primitive knowledge

   In front of these scientific giants in human history, Xu Yun can always feel his own insignificance.

  Compared with these real sages, he is just a lucky one who has obtained a special halo, and there is still a long, long way to go in the future.

   Just as Xu Yun was feeling emotional, Thomson walked over quickly:

   "Luo Feng, the other set of equipment you want is ready."

  Xu Yun finally came back to his senses.

  He first glanced at Angus Roman not far away.

   Tsk tsk, this villain actually stopped talking this time, and he is still waiting for another slap in the face.

   Then he coughed lightly, put aside this boring thought, and said to Lao Fa:

   "Mr. Faraday, are you ready?"

  Lao Fa is still thinking about the photovoltaic effect at this time, and when he hears this, he is subconsciously stunned:

   "Um, what are you preparing for?"

  Xu Yun smiled mysteriously at him, and looked into the distance:

   "Of course it is preparation"

   "Let's overthrow the foundation of the physics building!"

Note:

  Yesterday, a classmate asked why there is an instrument panel these days. Is there a possibility that the first train invented in 1804 had an instrument panel?

   I didn’t wake up until one o’clock in the morning, don’t say I haven’t updated, woooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo

  (end of this chapter)