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Note: (1) The newly prepared 2Cu(OH)2 suspension should be prepared as needed and should not be stored for a long time.

(2) When preparing a new Cu(OH)2 suspension, the NaOH solution used must be excessive.

(3) The reaction solution must be heated directly to boiling.

(4) Although the glucose molecule contains an aldehyde group, d-glucose does not contain an aldehyde group.

⒉Glucose solution reacts with silver ammonia solution to have silver mirror reaction.

CH2OH(CHOH)4CHO+2Ag(NH3)2OH)—△→CH2OH(CHOH)+2Ag↓+3NH3+H2O.

Note: (1) The inner wall of the test tube must be clean.

2. The silver ammonia solution can not be stored for a long time.

⑶ heating in water bath, not directly heating with alcohol lamp.

⑷ Sodium hydroxide can be added to promote the reaction.

⑸The silver mirror can be removed by soaking and washing with dilute HNO3.

The silver produced by heating and reduction is attached to the wall of the test tube to form a silver mirror, so this reaction is also called the silver mirror reaction.

Glucose Physiological and Biochemical:

The central nervous system is almost entirely dependent on the supply of blood sugar as an energy source. Once the blood sugar rises to 80 mg%, the phenomenon of diabetes may occur.

In industry, glucose is obtained by hydrolysis of starch. In the 1960s, microbial enzymatic method was used to produce glucose.

This is a major innovation and has obvious advantages over the acid hydrolysis method.

In the production, the raw materials do not need to be refined, and no acid-resistant and pressure-resistant equipment is required, and the sugar liquid has no bitter taste and high sugar production rate.

Glucose is mainly used as a nutritional supplement for injection (glucose injection) in medicine.

In the food industry, glucose can be processed by isomerase to produce fructose, especially fructose syrup containing 42% fructose, which has the same sweetness as sucrose and has become an important product in the current sugar industry.

Glucose is an indispensable nutrient for metabolism in living organisms.

The heat released by its oxidation reaction is an important source of energy for human life activities.

It can be used directly in the food and pharmaceutical industries, as a reducing agent in the printing, dyeing, and tanning industry. Glucose is commonly used as a reducing agent in the mirror-making industry and the silver-plating process of thermos bladders.

In industry, a large amount of glucose is used as a raw material to synthesize vitamin C (ascorbic acid).

Glucose metabolism:

Glucose is easily absorbed into the bloodstream, so hospital staff, sports enthusiasts, and ordinary people often use it as a powerful quick energy supplement.

Glucose strengthens memory, stimulates calcium absorption and increases intercellular communication.

But too much can raise insulin levels, leading to obesity and diabetes, and too little glucose can cause hypoglycemia or worse, insulin shock (diabetic coma).

Glucose is important for brain function, and glucose metabolism is disturbed by the following factors: depression, bipolar depression, anorexia, and bulimia.

Alzheimer's patients record lower levels of glucose than other abnormal brain functions, leading to stroke or other vascular disease.

Researchers found that adding 75 grams of glucose to the diet increased memory test scores.

Glucose is absorbed into hepatocytes, which reduces the secretion of hepatic glucose, causing muscle and fat cells to increase glucose uptake.

Excessive blood glucose is converted into fatty acids and triglycerides in the liver and adipose tissue.

Glucose indications:

Glucose is widely used clinically and is used for the water and heat required by various patients with high fever, dehydration, coma or inability to eat.

When a large amount of body fluid is lost in the body, such as vomiting and diarrhea, massive blood loss, etc., 5% to 10% glucose and normal saline can be injected intravenously to supplement water, salt and sugar, and it is used for hypoglycemia and drug poisoning.

Intravenous infusion of 25% to 50% hypertonic solution, due to its hypertonic effect, can cause tissue dehydration and transient diuresis. It is used alternately with mannitol to treat cerebral edema, pulmonary edema and lower intraocular pressure.

Intravenous infusion of hypertonic glucose to treat hypoglycemia. In combination with insulin, it can promote the transfer of potassium into cells, and it is also one of the treatment measures for hyperkalemia.

Chapter 156: Looking for Glucose (4)