Harry Potter Morning Light

Actually St. Augustine Abbey in Canterbury originally had an old watermill, but its capacity was not large enough, so the abbot decided to build a new one. The original water was not flowing fast enough, so he built a dam and artificially created a waterfall. In this way, the new mill and the old mill can work together to meet the production capacity he needs.

The dam will widen the river, and the single-plank bridge does not require any technical content. Just find a strong piece of wood and build it on both sides for people to pass. Now that the river has widened, the soil at both ends of the single-plank bridge has been washed away by the river, and the wood has not been able to find a fulcrum, so it has been washed away by the water.

The villagers were filled with righteous indignation. At this time, the dean built a new bridge for people to pass. Its structure was more complicated and more stable than the previous single-plank bridge. people rest.

"I'm doing this for charity." He said plausibly to the villagers, "You don't need to pay for the bridge repair, just charge some tolls to maintain the bridge."

There is no mention of the increase in income after repairing a new water mill.

Those who passed by occasionally paid a penny or two and passed. He still had urgent business to do, while others continued to confront the dean.

This case happened in the 14th century, when most British people still lived in the countryside, and the village self-government of the Germanic Mark commune was implemented. Although there was a lord, the lord left his territory for various reasons, such as following the king to attend the cross During the Eastern Expedition, or went to Normandy to fight the French, agents were often left in the manor, such as housekeepers and hostesses.

There are manor courts in the manor, which can be used to resolve disputes between lords and villagers, and between villagers and villagers.

For example, when the villagers saw that the lord was not there, the animals in the hunting ground, or the "meat" in their eyes was running freely in the forest, so they secretly picked up their bows and went into the forest to poach, but were accidentally caught by the guards guarding the forest. Or Jim next door bullied Gray's widow and occupied the land he left for his son, and the widow cried and went to the manor court to sue.

You stole my chicken and ate it. I suspect you did it, but I have no proof, so I can only beat you up. This kind of damage to the harmony of the village can't go to court, let alone the big housekeeper to preside over it. Although the manor court doesn't cost money to hold a court session, it's considered a court session if the villagers get together.

The jurors in Buckinghamshire are from the manor court, usually in a group of 12, with about 2 officials in it, and the others are elected by the villagers. Sometimes there are not many disputes between the lord and the villagers, but more disputes between the villagers. They have to try ten cases a day, almost all of which are between the villagers. After the work is over, it will report to the butler.

Village regulations are formed in accordance with the customary laws formed in the long-term life of the villagers. The manor court is the legislative body. When new village regulations are to be established, the villagers must be convened to vote. If it only involves conflicts among the villagers themselves, the lord will not come forward. However, for issues involving grazing in open land, the villagers collectively passed it, and the lord could express his disapproval.

The villagers want their livestock to graze, and the lord also has his own sheep. If the lord is present at this time, he will bring his servants to the scene. Of course, people who have seen blood on the battlefield are different from the villagers. After being overwhelmed by this scene, the lord can speak.

But if he is not there, he will have to find another way. Anyway, the king's power does not involve these villages, and the national law is not as binding as the village rules in the hearts of these villagers.

It's better to have a path, even if it's muddy, than to be cornered.

There are also dioceses below the county level. This kind of simple court established in the diocese will regularly sort out various cases within its jurisdiction and hand them over to the quarterly court in a quarter. Come to convene and host, there is a fixed time and place. The bridge of Canterbury Abbey is not under the jurisdiction of the Manor Court, and the main function of the Church Court is to improve the pious behavior of believers. There is an Archbishop Court in Canterbury, which is higher than the general priest court, but the Archbishop believes that his own hands are working The abbot or the villagers?

At this time, the king will inspect the kingdom, or send a circuit court to supervise and intervene in the local area, and the bridge itself is also under the jurisdiction of the king, so this matter is brought back to the capital for adjudication by the king and ministers.

A priest shouldn't be so greedy, it was greed that led him to act improperly, as long as he dismantled the dam, the water flow would return to its original state, and the single-plank bridge would be returned to the villagers.

But compared with the single-plank bridge, the villagers still prefer the bridge being built now, they just don't want to pay for the traffic.

In the end, the monastery used part of the capacity of the new water mill to repair the bridge, so everyone was satisfied.

The monastery did not earn as much as before, but it still made money. The villagers had a new bridge to walk on, and the king also established his image of justice, as if he was the "source of justice".

However, in essence, this social structure has not changed because of this incident. It will not be gradually replaced by the church court until Queen Victoria's police reform.

But these are things that will come later. Witch trials can be tried in the manor court on the manor, or in the parish court. After the 16th century, Britain not only lost the cathedral district, but also did not have the Inquisition, but people at that time Heard of "God's Judgment".

Queen Elizabeth made witchcraft trials a felony that could only be heard by assize courts, which could be sent by the king or formed by teams of two or more magistrates.

It's just that the queen herself is also a woman, and she is still "illegal", and the marriage of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn was not recognized by the Pope. To prove the piety of her faith, Queen Elizabeth burned a cat.

Circuit courts don’t work every day. Judges can hire “professionals” to conduct investigations during recess. Since then, there have been more recorded witch trials. Most of these cases were heard by circuit courts. Before that, there were no For the record, it is difficult for outsiders to understand the situation in a closed manor, and those who don't know will not pay special attention to the whereabouts of a maid.

Queen Elizabeth's successor, James I, went to Copenhagen to marry the Danish princess in 1590. On the way back, they encountered a big storm and the ship was blown to Norway. He concluded that the storm was caused by a witch's curse. Sinking his ship, he was going to Edinburgh for his coronation and marriage.

Then a large-scale witch hunt began in Scotland. There was a Scottish maid named Guinness Duncan who was forced to confess by her master. She identified many people, most of whom were wives of potters and blacksmiths. They confessed more people.

According to the logic of King James I, such a big storm cannot be completed by a witch, so more people were involved, and even the wife of the mayor of Copenhagen was involved later. When the queen entered Edinburgh, many people were burned in Copenhagen died, and the King himself intervened in the trial of the peasant women by the Privy Council.

He later wrote a book devoted to ghosts and spirits, and Scotland has never been clean since.

At that time, James I used the Scottish church court, and the secular courts in Scotland had many restrictions on witch hunting. Regarding witchcraft charges, the prisoner had to pay for the whistleblower himself. Witch-hunts were not heard of, or recorded, outside the ecclesiastical courts.

The name Lancaster is composed of two parts "lan" and "caster", which means the Roman city on the Lune River, which was once a fief of the Lancaster family.

After the Battle of the Red and White Roses, due to the defeat of Lancaster, many nobles fled to Europe. By the time of James I, Lancashire had become quite wild and lawless, and it was not surprising that anything happened there.

Outside the fenced village near Pendle Hill in Lancashire in 1612, a woman asks a peddler for some pins and he refuses to give her them.

Within minutes Hawker suffered a stroke and he then identified the woman, Arison, who was being held in Lancaster jail with her mother Elizabeth and brother James.

Then the Lancashire magistrates investigated and found that the woman was suspected of cannibalism and infanticide. She and her accomplices mainly sucked blood, and the corpses of babies would be sacrificed to the devil.

The more investigations became more "spectacular", the circuit court presented the contents of the investigation to James I, who had already succeeded to the throne as King of England.

At that time, the defendants all pleaded guilty, but King James I told the judge not to trust the testimony of a 9-year-old girl, she was the first witness.

The judge also simply arrested the little girl, did not torture her, and "confessed" after scaring her.

The testimony had been taught to her by a priest, but no one knew why the priest did it, because he had "disappeared" and there were places for him to hide in Pembold Hill.

The judge and the sheriff did not organize the search of the mountain. Although the witches were sentenced to death, they were not hanged. This did not comply with judicial procedures. They turned into devout Episcopalians. acquitted.

The Lancastrian circuit judge, who had been desiring to be transferred from the place, left Lancaster on this occasion, and later became the warden of Scalme Park, training and breeding hounds for the king.

Changing from a judge to a dog owner doesn't seem like a promotion. However, he guards the royal forest, and all the people who come here to hunt are kings and nobles, and there is a permanent court in the forest, which deals with forest affairs, which happens to be related to the occupation of the judge.

The forest ranger will use hunting dogs to hunt down poachers and illegal loggers. Although they all catch people, he doesn't have to do what he used to.

The breeze blew across the lake, causing ripples, and the waves slapped the pier, gently shaking the wooden boats docked in the dock.

Amid the muffled sounds, Pomona could vaguely hear the singing of the mermaids from the water. Mermaids in the sea and in the black lake all liked to sing.

There is a sculpture of the Little Mermaid on the coast of Copenhagen, Denmark. She sits on a huge granite rock, quiet and elegant, which is cast according to the fairy tale "The Daughter of the Sea".

The little mermaid rescued the prince who fell into the water, fell in love with him, and was even willing to exchange her beautiful singing voice for human legs. It's just that the princess who the prince thought was a human fell for him and got engaged to her.

It's a pity that the little mermaid can't speak, so tell him the real situation.

In fact, she doesn't have to be like this. Love is not threatened by gratitude. She saves people because she "want to save". If the prince doesn't love her, won't the little mermaid save him?

The little mermaid is kind, she is just having a dream, a dream about love, she just hopes that the prince will fall in love with her, but the prince seems to be more interested in power.

The human princess may not be as beautiful as the mermaid princess, but there is a land country behind her, and the "daughter of the sea" only has the sea and the waves.

"What are you doing here?"

Pomona turned around and found that it was Snape who had changed back to his original form. He took off the white robe he wore when he played the White Wizard and wore his own black robe.

"Have you finished reporting with Dumbledore?" Pomona asked.

He didn't speak.

"Do you know why vampire bats are so annoying?" Pomona said calmly, "Because it sucks the blood of all animals, unlike Spark, who only sucks the blood of deer."

"What do you mean?" He asked coldly.

"I haven't spoken to Dumbledore yet, what do you want me to say to him?" Pomona asked.

"What's your logic?" Snape said.

"You know what I mean." Pomona stood up. Her legs were soaked in the water just now, enjoying the coolness of the lake water, and the water brought up left wet footprints on the ground.

"I don't get it, it's about love again?" he said sarcastically.

Yes and no.

she said in her heart.

"Do you like the position of Defense Against the Dark Arts professor so much?" Pomona asked.

He looked at her quietly.

"Or do you want to leave Hogwarts?" Pomona asked.

"There is no connection between the two," said Snape.

"We all know that no one can stay in that position for a full year." Pomona said calmly, "but if you don't do that, maybe Professor Ruth can break this 'curse'."

"I didn't do anything," Snape said sternly.

She wants to say that she is not a fool, but isn't she a fool?

She smiled wryly.

"I haven't talked to Dumbledore yet, how do you want me to tell him?" Pomona repeated the question just now.

He looked at her in bewilderment.

"I'll tell Dumbledore what you said," she said softly, almost in a whisper, but she believed that the evening wind would carry her voice to his ears, like the mermaid's song in the lake.

He looks angry.

"I'm not going to lie, I'm just hiding some things." Pomona said calmly, "Just like I always do. (like always)"