Harry Potter Morning Light

Suppose you pay a sum of money in England that contains ounces of pure silver according to the British Mint, and you get a money order payable in France for an amount of pure silver in it according to the French Mint It happens to be equal, and people say that Britain and France exchange at par.

If you pay more than you get in cash, people think you paid the remittance, and say the exchange is bad for England and good for France; Bad for France, good for Britain.

Great countries such as Britain and France are responsible for their own coinage, while countries such as Holland, Antwerp, Hamburg, Venice, etc. hold foreign bills of exchange of a certain value. This kind of bank is established on the credit of the state and under the protection of the state. The money order is paid in good real currency according to the national standard. The currency of these banks is superior to the common currency of the country, so there will be a discount in the transaction process.

The currency is often worn out, and some people even cut the currency in half for use, while the bank currency is kept in the bank and no one can touch it. When such deposits are sold in the market, there will also be a discount.

The new shillings don't buy much more than the old shillings, and good money from private coffers mixed with common money is not worth more than currency, such as Harry's rich father James Potter left him The Gold Galleons from the vault, which is a type of bank currency, cost him as much on a Phantom 2000 broomstick as Ron Weasley spent on old Galleons. of.

The goblin said behind the counter that the coins were not for fun, and if the gold coins returned to the bank were too worn or counterfeit, the money would need to be remelted and re-minted. There will be costs incurred during the recasting process, which will be borne by the goblin responsible for casting Galleons, and of course the goblin will be unhappy. But if the pure-blooded nobles die, the well-preserved Gold Galleons and Silver Siqs in their treasury will belong to the goblins, so those goblins sincerely "bless" the whole family of the pure-blooded nobles to die, and no descendants will be left behind.

The size of the agio depends on the degree to which the currency is considered to be below the national standard, and all in all, the cost of such an intermediate transfer is higher than that of sending silver coins directly from Mexico to London. Not all places in South America have silver mines. For example, in Brazil, the Portuguese did not find gold and silver mines for a long time after they discovered them, and they provided little or no income to the king. attention of the Portuguese.

When Portugal was still ruled by Spain, Brazil was invaded by the Dutch. Brazil was divided into fourteen provinces. The Dutch occupied seven provinces. The Netherlands wanted to take the other seven, but Portugal soon regained its independence. During his reign, the Dutch, enemies of Spain, became friends of the Portuguese, and the Portuguese became enemies of the Spanish. In order to form an alliance, the Dutch unified and left the remaining seven unconquered provinces of Brazil to Portugal, and Portugal was also willing to leave the seven provinces conquered by Brazil to the Dutch.

When the relationship between the two countries was good, there was nothing to say. Later, the Dutch began to oppress the Portuguese immigrants. The people who were not satisfied with their complaints took up arms and drove the Dutch away with the acquiescence of the mother country, so all of Brazil belonged to the Portuguese king.

Brazil has no gold and silver mines but has a lot of iron ore. Although the British colonies in North America have a lot of good land, they are not as good as the Spanish and Portuguese colonies.

The sugar production of the French colony in Santo Domingo is greater than the total sugar cane fields of the United Kingdom. Who is more powerful in the profits of sugar and steel?

William Petty did not become a Marquis by virtue of his career as a doctor, and he also earned 270,000 acres of land for future generations. He was a political economist and wrote "Taxation", which created a lot of taxes for the British king, otherwise How could a little Lord be received by Napoleon himself.

According to the constitution of the Directory period, the local treasury cannot be used by the state. It is precisely this that allowed Napoleon to distribute the property to the Italian army without handing over the proceeds after robbing Italy.

Similarly, the Governor Government did not expect to use the toll tax of the local government, or the constitution does not allow them to do so. The local toll tax can be regarded as an urgently needed source of income. Some local governments do not repair the road even if it is damaged, but they still To repair the toll, merchants still have to pay.

There are road construction labors in France, which are generally recruited by local villagers. They are full of complaints and lazy at the same time, and their progress is far inferior to that of the professional road construction team, which is what Georgiana considered before. .

Georgiana saw the shamelessness of the capitalists now. In order to let Napoleon or the French invest in the construction of the railway, this Henry Petty, the British Marquess, actually helped Georgiana think of ideas, completely ignoring the strategic significance of the road after it was repaired.

Switzerland is the thoroughfare of the European continent. Livestock can move around on their own. Instead of setting up a timber factory in Annecy, it is better to set up a carriage manufacturing factory to change from a low-level raw material supplier to an industrial production place. Napoleon planned to impose a tax on carriages. This carriage was not only a luxury carriage for nobles, but also a carriage for pulling goods and carriages for pulling passengers. The carriage was taken away during the migration of livestock.

Sawmills are easy to find, and there are many in Eastern Europe. The main reason is that it is difficult to find and train workers for the production of carriages. This is the problem that technical schools have to solve. Bread and currency can produce different labor mobilization capabilities. No one will work for 4 and a half sous for a day, but if the price of bread rises to 18 sous, he will have to think about it, especially after the currency loses its credibility. Later, farmers didn't use it anymore, and they wouldn't work for waste paper.

There are fluctuations in the prices of grain and silver. It stands to reason that when silver is discovered in the Americas, the price of grain should drop. But people do not rely on news. If silver does not flow into the market, the value of silver will follow the value of grain. And gradually increase, only when the supply increases, the value of this kind of metal will gradually become lower.

Even counting money is labor-intensive. There is a tool in India. It is made of a flat plate. There are hundreds of money slots on the plate. The slots are just big enough to hold a coin. Foreign money, too worn Money will fall out of the trough, almost like a sieve.

Now there are still gold Louis and Rifle in the French market. Generally, new coins will be minted when the dynasty changes. Even Louis XVI has also minted his own currency. Assuming that the silver content of the original 20 silver shillings is only enough to mint 18 new coins of silver shillings, who will be responsible for the loss of these two silver shillings?

It is not the government who bears the loss, but the currency holders themselves. This defective currency does not meet the new national standards, or it is used up in time, or it refuses to accept this insufficient currency. The government takes back these bad coins and resmelts them. , Exchange the old coins of different weights for uniform and beautiful new coins. Of course, in the words of Henry Petty borrowing from his grandfather William Petty, there are also some fools who accept currency only by the denomination and not by the weight and fineness of the currency, not to mention that he can understand the difference in craftsmanship and the price of coins can also have an impact.

In the Alps, there is no outside news for half a year. If the local elite waits for Napoleon to mint the new currency next year and then spends the money they saved, they will suffer losses. Therefore, the best way is to spend the money this year. Buying the right to operate this road, anyway, they are the ones who use this road.

Whether it is thirty years or ten years, as long as this road is still open for business, they can collect taxes. In order to promote taxation, they will also find ways to find customers by themselves.

Napoleon also talked with Henry Petty about taxes in kind and money, and Henry Petty borrowed his grandfather's saying that British merchants often brought silver and red cloth to the East Indies, and red cloth was used in India. Whether it is a religious ceremony or a wedding ceremony, many girls' wedding dresses are red with golden tassels on them, which looks very gorgeous.

The merchant will try his best to buy red cloth at the price of one hundred shillings, and then carefully consider whether he can use this cloth to buy silk in the East India. If he sells these silks in London, he can get more than one hundred shillings. Make more wealth.

But if he is not sure, he can bring some shilling coins and some red cloth.

In other words, Napoleon could collect part of the currency rent and part of the grain.

What kind of essential oil factory is it? Annecy also has a wood processing factory and a blacksmith shop. Instead of staying with animals to keep warm in winter, the villagers work in the carriage factory. The animals of each family are managed centrally. Anyway, every animal has a brand on its buttocks .

Georgiana's partner at the welcome ball is Henry Petty, followed by Lord Bloom as a valet, who, like Mr. Darcy, is too arrogant to "socialize" with the local elite. After the ball, Henry Petty directed the senior officials of this small mountain town around, and the local elites who had heard the "insider information" came to visit soon, but he didn't see these people at all, and he waited more eagerly than Georgiana Reply from Paris.

If Henry Petty was not already a Marquis in England, and had 270,000 acres of land, mansions, and artworks, Georgiana estimated that he planned to keep Henry Petty with high officials and generous salaries.

With such a capable financial expert, Georgiana doesn’t have to do anything. The 20 sous per livre is left over from the Carolingian era. The sous is a copper coin. France’s copper industry is very developed, and wood is readily available, and water can also be used. To extract, you only need to buy some copper pipes from outside to build a factory with heating, so that the people in the mountains can live a "modern civilized life".

It was uncertain whether the bankers in Paris could threaten Georgiana in the same way, and they might unite to prevent Napoleon from minting new coins.

William Petty advocated that all the chattels and inhabitants of Scotland and Ireland should be relocated to other parts of Great Britain. This is of course impossible. impossible.

The East India Company has to pay for the military expenses from the mainland. Are they really so willing to help those who seize power?

France paid for the garrison by itself. Barbados borrowed a piece of land for the French to garrison. The British had no loss. The island originally belonged to Portugal. Portugal used British judges and laws in its colonial courts, saving them a lot For a fee, someone should be sent into the jungle to catch the French deserters.

Georgiana did not expect that humans would raise hounds that feed on humans. She had seen little Rochambeau, he didn't look cruel at all, but his expression was more serious, he was very serious, and he looked very gentle.

"Winning this way is not worthy of your title of war artist, Bonaparte." She said, looking at the mountains in the distance. The sound of dogs barking echoed.

This is not "catch people", it is simply hunting.

She hated this kind of behavior but there was nothing she could do. She was just a woman.

Downton Abbey is similar to the manor of the Marquess of Langston, but a little smaller

shallow knowledge