Blooming America

"Stem cells and immune cells are cells with biological memory. When the surrounding environment of the cells changes temporarily, the stem cells or immune cells will undergo permanent changes. (.) Environmental changes that lead to permanent changes in cell behavior can help stem cells. Differentiate into various tissue cells and help immune cells remember the pathogen."

Hayflick put down his notebook and looked at Catherine.

"In simple terms, cell memory is activated by positive and negative radium pathways, and anti-radium routing internal signals, and can be continuously activated by itself, such as during cell division. For synthetic biology, we can recreate simple anti-radium pathways. , The genetic anti-radium pathway is activated after receiving the signal stimulation and continues to continue. Chemical signals play an important role in the circuit. A few years ago, in the laboratory, David Dubin and Caroline Ajo. Franklin once synthesized a genetic device in yeast, allowing the yeast to grow on its own in a medium with galactose."

Compared to Jenny, Hayflick is more professional.

Fortunately, Catherine now seems... almost understandable.

"They used genetic engineering technology to add an artificial switch to the yeast. When the yeast cell encounters galactose, an artificial genetic sequence connects with a red fluorescent protein and activates a positive and negative radium pathway. When the positive and negative radium pathways are When it starts, it will begin to express a yellow fluorescent protein, and then activate the anti-radium pathway in turn, prompting the yeast to permanently activate the positive and negative radium pathway."

"So then?"

"We may be able to achieve our repair goals without repair proteins or replacement proteins, and study this activation. It is just the beginning."

Hayflick spoke seriously.

"In fact, we don’t need to know whether yeast cells encounter galactose. As long as there are synthetic molecular elements, they can turn on the anti-radium pathway to activate the cells to complete the tasks we set, and sometimes even some complex multi-anti-radium pathways. Behavior, these all depend on the development of cell biology."

To put it bluntly, if there is no replacement protein to open the way ahead. Such research will not be so fast.

"Almost all cells will have some biological behaviors activated in the environment of galactose... However, in the natural state, such as the human tissue or the environment surrounding a large number of microorganisms, the cells react differently. When radiation or Carcinogens damage the DNA in tissue cells. Some cells mutate and produce a stronger cellular stress response to repair their own DNA. Cells of various organisms and even single-celled organisms have the ability to repair DNA, which helps We understand the evolution of cancer diseases. Because when DNA is mutated, it may affect cells and cause cells to replicate uncontrollably-this is a typical feature of cancer cells. (M

Hayflick gave the data to Catherine.

Well... of course Catherine couldn't turn around at all.

"During the experiment, I used synthetic cell memory to observe the memory process of yeast cells with obvious DNA damage, and to study the differences between them and the surrounding cells without mutations. I modified the artificial genetics in yeast cells. The element, the element that was activated in the galactose environment is inactivated to galactose, and is only activated when the DNA is damaged, such as radiation or chemical damage. This new anti-radium pathway is called hug1. When I put yeast into EMS, a chemical that can cause DNA damage, the artificial anti-radium pathway was activated. Then, I saw a reaction similar to the previous one again: when the carcinogen contacts the yeast cells, red fluorescence It appeared for a short time. Then the yellow fluorescence appeared for several days. And, I also found yellow fluorescence in the progeny of yeast cells."

Although Hayflick explained a series of names to Catherine, it was a pity that Catherine still did not understand.

"what does that mean?"

Catherine asked hesitantly.

"A change, a change, a pretty cool change."

No matter how cool this experiment is. But for us outsiders...does it mean anything?

Hayflick seemed to realize that the respected Catherine show seemed unable to listen to these games. He smiled awkwardly, and then continued: "This is a pretty and cool experiment, but what is really more interesting is the study of cells. How to distinguish the part of the DNA damage category. Because memory cells can emit fluorescence, I can use the method of activated fluorescence to screen cells. Cells that do not emit light indicate that there is no mutation. Cells that emit light indicate that mutations have occurred."

"Non-luminescent cells are not much different from cells without mutations, while fluorescent cells grow slowly and have varying degrees of mutation. When the cells enter the division phase and continue to multiply, then the cell population will always retain a low mutation rate— -Even without the intervention of carcinogens-the number of DNA copies of cells will be mismatched. We can analyze random mutations through calculations. Random mutations refer to one-billionth cells that exhibit abnormal behaviors after mutations."

With the application of computers, the current biological sciences have also been developed by leaps and bounds. Computers are the accelerator of scientific development. This sentence is not wrong at all.

"We found that even after the mutagen is removed, even if the yeast continues to divide until many generations later, remember that the fluorescent protein of ems still maintains a low mutation rate. The behavior of remembering DNA damage can help cells remain vigilant against future mutations and stimulate stress. The response repairs the mutant DNA, so it still maintains a low mutation rate..."

Hayflick said with emotion: "Under natural circumstances, the response to toxic stimulation is often difficult to detect. Only artificial memory cells can be observed - just like our fluorescence, especially the growth rate of memory cells. Low, it will gradually be diluted by normal cells, which allows us to better understand the ability of memory... But even so, the function of biological memory is far beyond our imagination."

At this time, Catherine's brain was in a mess.

"Immediately afterwards, in response to this situation, we expanded..."

"--and many more"

Catherine stopped Hayflick who wanted to go on.

"Let me take care of it...what do you mean...well, probably means that our human stem cells probably have a...er...memory function?"

"It's not just stem cells, it's all cells. Stem cells are what I want to say below. We will be able to achieve a therapy similar to the function of repairing proteins through this cell."

I can't understand half of it, and the next half is definitely listening to the heavenly scriptures.

"You can understand it this way...Our cells have memory capabilities. Then, this magical biological memory function can maintain our human health. Embryonic stem cells and induced pluripotent stem cells can be transformed into any kind of cells. They have the potential Transform into cells that are needed to cure diseases. However, they may also undergo harmful mutations. If we can make good use of this memory and recognition ability, we can develop everything for the better."

Alternate protein and repair protein probably also have this ability, but this is just Catherine's guess.

Catherine knew a little about this.

After Hayflick studied the replacement protein, he turned to want to synthesize an existence similar to repair protein or replacement protein.

Because the source of this repair protein is really too few.

If it can be synthesized by artificial methods, this will be a great change. The emergence of "s protein" can be said to be a pioneering work.

But in subsequent experiments, Hayflick almost made no progress.

But later, Hayflick changed the method-why do we have to pursue exactly the same? As long as the functions are the same, it is fine.

It is precisely because of this change that Hayflick combined his old skills and began research in genetic engineering.

Editing the human gene sequence to correct genetic mutations in stem cells-this method combines stem cell therapy and gene correction.

And this is what Hayflick is studying.

"In previous experiments, we combined gene editing technology to correct the patient's own gene mutations in induced stem cells, and corrected a gene mutation in the cells of a metabolic liver spreader."

Re-adjust people's own cells to cure diseases, rather than relying on organ transplantation or drug treatment or other operations.

But as Hayflick said before, changes in stem cells may be beneficial, but they may also be harmful.

However, because of the ability of memory and recognition, as long as the cells can be "recognized" by themselves, this can be completely practical.

"Of course, induced pluripotent stem cells have the same genetic defects as other cells of the owner, so these defects must be removed before using them. However, removal may not be very precise; existing gene editing methods may Can cause cancer or other undesirable side effects. Recent advances in gene editing methods cannot be applied to stem cells."

Therefore, cell memory function is required.

In fact, Catherine’s body is also the same. The replacement protein is based on Catherine’s body itself to “repair”. If Catherine has a genetic defect that causes problems such as hare lips, then Catherine’s hare lips may last a lifetime. Because Alteration Protein, based on the information obtained from the gene database, would think that this is a "normal state~www.wuxiaspot.com~ Catherine silently thanked her parents.

"The source of induced pluripotent stem cells is very wide. Therefore, our prospects are very great. Even we only need a little skin cell and then transform it. In such a study, perhaps the time of the treatment will be the repair protein. Ten times to one hundred times as much as possible, but it is undeniable that as long as we can correct the errors of mutation, we will always be able to get the final product...that is, a new therapy that achieves an effect similar to that of repairing protein."

This will definitely be a revolution.

There is no doubt that Catherine thinks so.

...

Today’s fourth update, meow meow, biology is so difficult... (to be continued. If you like this work, you are welcome to vote for recommendation and monthly pass,

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