The self of the heavens has billions of clones

Chapter 145

Since 1952, scientists first used frogs to carry out cell nucleus transfer cloning experiments, and successively obtained tadpoles and adult frogs. In 1963, a research group led by Professor Tong Dizhou of China first used goldfish and other materials as materials to study fish embryo nuclear transfer technology and achieved success. In 1964, British scientist J. Gurdon irradiated the unfertilized eggs of Xenopus laevis with ultraviolet rays to destroy their nuclei, and then absorbed the nuclei from the somatic cells of tadpoles—an epithelial cell, and injected the nuclei into the nuclei to be destroyed. Among the eggs, it was found that 1.5% of the nucleated eggs differentiated and developed into normal adult frogs.Gurdon's experiments were the first to demonstrate the comprehensiveness of somatic nuclei in animals.The first results of nuclear transfer research in mammalian embryos were achieved in 1981 - Carl Ilmenzer and Peter Hopper bred normally developing mice from mouse embryonic cells.

In 1984, Stern Velardsen cloned a live-born sheep from immature embryonic cells taken from sheep, and others later used his experiments on a variety of animals including cows, pigs, goats, rabbits, and macaques. The method was repeated. In 1989, Willardson obtained the second-generation cloned cow through continuous nuclear transfer. In 1994, Neil First cloned a cow from a late-stage embryo that had developed to at least 120 cells.By 1995, embryonic cell nuclear transfer had been successful in all major mammals, including frozen and in vitro-produced embryos; experiments on nuclear transfer of embryonic stem cells or adult stem cells had also been attempted.But until 1995, nuclear transplantation of differentiated cells in adult animals had not been successful.The significance and repercussions of cloning "Dolly" the sheep
The above facts show that before the scientific research group of Dr. Wilmut of the Roslin Institute in the United Kingdom announced the successful breeding of the somatic cell cloned sheep "Dolly" in February 1997, the embryonic cell nuclear transfer technology had already made great progress.In fact, the cloning of "Dolly" has followed the whole process of embryonic cell nuclear transfer in nuclear transfer technology, but this does not reduce the significance of "Dolly", because it is the first animal born by somatic cell nuclear transfer in the world. It is a huge breakthrough in the field of cloning technology research.This great progress means: It has been proved in theory that, like plant cells, the differentiated animal nucleus is also totipotent, and there is no irreversible change in the genetic material in the nucleus during the differentiation process; it has been proved in practice that the use of somatic cells The technology of animal cloning is feasible, and countless identical cells can be used as donors for nuclear transfer, and a series of complex genetic manipulations can be performed on these donor cells before they are fused with egg cells, thus creating a foundation for large-scale replication Improved animal breeds and the production of transgenic animals provide effective methods.

In theory, humans can be cloned using the same method, which means that the idea of ​​a dictatorial madman cloning himself in previous science fiction novels is completely achievable.Therefore, the birth of "Dolly" has aroused strong repercussions in the scientific, political and even religious circles around the world, and triggered a discussion on the moral issues arising from human cloning.Relevant people from various governments and the public have reacted one after another: human cloning is contrary to ethics.Despite this, the huge theoretical significance and practical value of cloning technology has prompted scientists to speed up the pace of research, thus bringing the research and development of animal cloning technology to a climax.

Animal cloning also plays an important role in the study of cancer biology, immunology, and human life expectancy.

It is undeniable that the advent of "clone sheep" has also aroused many people's interest in "human cloning". For example, some people are considering whether they can use their own cells to clone an embryo and freeze it before it is formed.One day in the future, if there is a problem with one of your own organs, you can take out this organ from the embryo for culture, and then replace your own diseased organ. This is to use cloning to provide "accessories" for yourself.

Discussions of "human cloning" are a reminder that technological progress is a march of both sorrow and joy.The more technology develops and the more widely and deeply it penetrates into society, the more likely it will cause many related ethical, moral and legal issues.I would like to end this article with the words of the Nobel Prize-winning molecular biologist JD Watson: "It can be expected that many biologists, especially those working on asexual reproduction, will seriously consider its implications, And start scientific discussions to educate the people of the world.

Washington, December 12: Whenever there is a major cloning progress, various warnings and objections are heard.Recently, after the American Advanced Cell Technology Company announced that it had created human embryos through cloning, criticism continued.Regarding cloning technology research, people should look at this issue in two parts to promote the safe use and healthy development of cloning technology.

Let’s first review the results of Advanced Cell Technology Company: Researchers from this company fused the genetic material of human somatic cells with the empty shell of human egg cells with the genetic material removed, and then induced the development of the fused cells: the researchers obtained three early embryos , two of which developed to the 3-cell stage and the other to at least the 4-cell stage.Since this proves that the genetic material of a single human cell can be induced to develop into a young embryo, human cloning is one step away from reality technically.

Controversy arises from this.Critics say that because it created the beginning of humanity with a single parent, the advance is ethically dangerous.Opponents say destroying cloned embryos for stem cells, if not human cloning, is immoral.But scientists at Advanced Cell Technologies say their work is "justice" because their goal is not to create human clones, but to develop treatments for human diseases.

Direction of development
Species resources have increasingly become the focus of attention of countries all over the world.China is rich in biological species resources, but due to various reasons, many species are endangered. Through somatic cell preservation, the establishment of animal germplasm banks, the use of cloning technology can increase the population of endangered animal species, and through genetic testing, realize Individual animal population management and disease control, etc., are the application directions of biotechnology.

This is a very scary thing. Human cloning is like a Pandora's box. Whether the cloned human is considered human or not.

How should we deal with their consciousness.

Speaking of which, the ins and outs of the few of them must be clear to everyone, what is going on with them.

They use human cloning to suppress genetically modified organisms, and even the cells of fossil organisms. Although the biological cells in the fossil have lost their vitality, the gene chain is still there, so they...
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