The self of the heavens has billions of clones

Chapter 143

This is an extremely inhuman act, cloning and gene transplantation.

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In 1963, ***.S.Haldane used the term "Clone" in a speech entitled "The Biological Possibility of the Human Race in the Next [-] Years".Scientists call the process of artificial genetic manipulation of animal reproduction "cloning", and this biotechnology is called "cloning technology". A cell line in which each cell is genetically identical to each other.Dolly the sheep
Cloning can also be understood as copying, copying and doubling (free translation from Hong Kong, Macao and Taiwan), which is to produce the same copy from the prototype. Its appearance and genetic genes are exactly the same as the prototype, but most of them behave differently.Today, the meaning of "cloning" is not only "cloning", but also a group of individuals that come from the same ancestor and reproduce asexually, also called "cloning".This group of asexually reproduced offspring from the same ancestor is also called "clonal line", or clone for short.Simply put, it is an artificially induced asexual reproduction method.But cloning is not the same as asexual reproduction.Cloning refers to the process of artificially manipulating animal reproduction. Asexual reproduction refers to the reproductive mode in which new individuals are directly produced from the mother without the combination of sexual germ cells. The common ones are spore reproduction, angiogenesis, budding reproduction and fission reproduction.

The production of new individuals from plant roots, stems, leaves, etc. through layering, cuttings, or grafting is also called asexual reproduction.Animals such as sheep, monkeys and cows cannot reproduce asexually without human manipulation. ——For this reason, cuttings are excluded from "cloning" in some exercises in high school.In addition, anthers are cultured in vitro to form haploids, and unfertilized egg cells parthenogenetically develop into individuals such as male bees and male ants, which is called parthenogenesis, and strictly speaking, it is not considered cloning.And test-tube babies are not cloned because of the fertilization process.Science requires rigor, and definitions are very critical. Sometimes the connotation and extension of concepts change, and most of us still use the old content, which causes confusion and confusion.

Dolly the sheep is the product of cloning.Regarding the idea of ​​cloning, Wu Chengen, a great writer of the Ming Dynasty in China, has already described it wonderfully in "Journey to the West"-Sun Wukong often pulls out a monkey hair at a critical moment to turn a large group of monkeys. This is of course a myth, but with today's science In terms of nouns, Monkey King can quickly clone a part of his body into himself.Theoretically speaking, the protein contained in monkey hair is a partial expression of the DNA that guides the synthesis of this part of the hair (related to its introns and exons), which can be reverse-transcribed, that is, it can be cloned, but in fact, our technology Not so advanced.

Another cloning method is to extract the gene cells of two or more people and combine them to form an embryo. After birth, the cloned person will have the characteristics of several people who provided the gene.

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While cloning is amazing, its allure is also its most dangerous.

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Definition two

Cloning refers to a genetically uniform biological group produced through asexual reproduction, that is, a group of cells or biological individuals with exactly the same genetic composition.Clone means "little branch and leaf" in Greek, and it is used to refer to asexual reproduction.Now it refers to the asexual proliferation of individuals, cells, genes, etc. at different levels. (1) Individual level: In the asexual reproduction of plants, the individual groups grown by the same individual through asexual reproduction, such as germination and cuttings of plants, are regarded as clones.The plant cell culture can be developed into a complete individual (callus) by tissue culture method, and the group of individuals with the same genotype obtained by this method is also called clone; in the asexual reproduction of animals, a typical example It adopts the nuclear transfer experiment method, transplants the nucleus of differentiated cells into a frog egg that has been denucleated beforehand, allows it to develop and obtains cloned frogs.The cloned sheep "Dolly"

Cloned animals have uniform genetic properties, and are important experimental materials in the study of the impact of environmental conditions on development and differentiation, as well as in the detection of drugs.In mammals, due to cell differentiation, the degree of nuclear heterogeneity increased, so there are no successful examples of nuclear transfer. (2) Cell level: The cell group generated by mitosis of one cell is called clone.However, if the cultured cells are transformed, it is easy to cause chromosomal mutations. (3) Gene level: It is possible to obtain a uniform gene group by using gene recombination technology to combine a specific gene with a carrier and multiply it in a host such as bacteria.Gene cloning has been applied in basic research on the relationship between gene function and fine structure, as well as in the production of useful substances.

At the above three levels, proliferation and isolation to obtain a single clonal population is called cloning.At this time, the word cloning can also be understood as a verb.Cloning is a central part of recombinant DNA technology.In fact, cloning technology is now used to reproduce pure species of microorganisms such as viruses and plants through vegetative means, thereby ensuring the accurate continuity of the genomes of these organisms.The term cloning now also includes the isolation and preservation of a single autonomous genetic element.The cloning of cell organisms only needs nutrient medium, while the cloning of genes requires some kind of carrier replicator, specific host cells and nutrient medium.The cloning technology of various types of organisms plays an important role in bioengineering.

cell type
1. A pure cell line (each genetically identical to each other) formed by the division and multiplication of a single progenitor cell.

2. Transplant the nucleus of the donor cell containing the genetic material into the recipient egg cell from which the nucleus has been removed, and use microcurrent stimulation to fuse the two into one. (same as cell provider gene)
(End of this chapter)