Harry Potter Morning Light

Chapter 1854 The Total Amount of Happiness
Susanna's Hebrew original meaning is lily girl, lily is a symbol of purity.

In the Bible story, Susanna is a beautiful woman. She is chaste and believes in the law. The two judges and elders are obsessed with Susanna's beauty and often watch for opportunities to peep.One day when Susanna was preparing to take a bath in her garden, two elders jumped out and beat her, but Susanna refused.When everyone heard Suzanne's screams and entered the garden, the second elder accused her of having a tryst with someone. In the public trial the next day, Suzanne was sentenced to death for betrayal.The young prophet Daniel was enlightened and defended, saving Susannah's life, and the lying elder was executed.

There are quite a few works with this motif in the Louvre, many of which were masterpieces snatched by Napoleon from Italy. Georgiana returned some of them because "they are not good enough".

These paintings overemphasize the beauty of the female body, but do not show her struggle and panic, and there is even a picture of Suzanne who seems to be flirting with the elders.

If that's the case, it's not Susanna of the Revolt, but the ancient Roman baths.When visiting the gallery, Denon told her about a story about an Italian female painter named Artemisia. With the support of Tasi, he took Tasi to court.

During the seven-month trial, Tasi's time in court was very limited. Tasi only needed to claim in court that the 18-year-old girl was a slut who seduced him and then she could leave. trial.During this period, she not only had to repeat the process of being violated over and over again, but also underwent interrogation.

If Georgiana is a woman who is easy to control, she has already controlled her mind because of anger at this moment, and she is doing irrational things.

But she only demanded that Taci's work be removed from the Louvre and returned to the Italians, along with the work of an equally dishonest artist, no matter how famous or valuable it was.

Not all painters are bad, and Artemisia later married another painter, and the two went to Florence together, where she produced quite a few works.The first work Artemisia painted after the interrogation was called "Judith Cutting off the Head of Holofernes". In the traditional work, the widow who used her beauty to attract the enemy general looks very soft, Look filled with the radiance of Our Lady.In Artemisia's works, it is difficult for a woman to control a general, even if he is asleep, so a woman came to help hold him down, and the two conspired to kill the general.

Such a scenario, in the words of Paolo Veronese during his interrogation by the Inquisition, was justified.Compared with other male painters, Artemisia's works are actually not well-known. Georgiana exchanged several famous paintings for a pair of her works.

This has nothing to do with patriarchy and feminism. It is just a cover-up that exists after the crime has occurred, and tortures the victim again, hoping to silence her. This behavior is called feudal oppression.

The same was true during the British enclosure movement. At that time, a constitutional monarchy had been established, and the British monarchy and lordship had declined, so the Parliament enacted the enclosure law.

Land rent is part of the feudal land ownership system. After the French Revolution, peasants owned their land, so they no longer have to pay land rent.Before the rise of the market economy, farmers rented land for a long period of time, and the land rent in some areas continued to decrease. After the market economy started, this old lease contract was impacted by "the highest price gets". Those who want to raise sheep are willing to pay. The landlord is willing to rent more land rent to them, but the original tenants do not agree, so there is a picture of the peasants being driven away by violence.

After farmers are driven away, there is nowhere to seek justice. Also according to the principle of market economy, consumers are more willing to buy cheap and beautiful goods. There is a certain price difference between British goods and French goods. After all, British goods are due to slavery and mechanization. Mass production is much cheaper than in France.

If the French are opposed to slavery, then don’t buy British products, or they clearly indicate that the raw material is not produced in a slavery area. The price of this product must be more expensive than the cotton in a slavery area, and consumers will spend more money. .

Bentham’s utilitarianism denied abstract concepts such as social contract, natural power, and natural law, and believed that these things were fictions and fantasies that violated empirical facts, and could not be used to explain the root of the country and the political foundation. out of utilitarian considerations.

Utilitarian morality is completely different from traditional Western morality in spirit. The basic spirit of Western traditional morality is self-denial and altruism based on the belief in God, which is opposed to the pursuit of personal interests, while the basic spirit of utilitarian morality lies in daily experience Affirmation of personal interests—people are selfish, and private property is sacred and inviolable. This kind of interest can be called happiness, value, or usefulness.

Hagrid bred snails, and Draco asked him what's the use of this thing?Whether it is a medicinal pet or a treasure-keeping pet such as a sphinx, it is based on various purposes or goals pursued in daily life, without any illusory and sacred things.

"Utilitarianism" or the greatest happiness refers to the freedom from pain. It does not deny self-sacrifice, because according to Mill's words, happiness and happiness can also be divided into human happiness and pig happiness. For human beings, rational happiness , the pleasures of feeling and imagination, and the emotional pleasures of the Tao are of far greater value than mere sensual pleasures, and it is better to be a dissatisfied human being than a contented pig, and to be dissatisfied Socrates than to be A contented fool. "Virtue" and "nobility" do not lie in one's own happiness or self-interest, but in "self-denial" and "self-sacrifice", provided that such sacrifice increases the "total amount of happiness", otherwise such self-sacrifice can be regarded as waste.

Utilitarianism has both external and internal constraints. The external one hopes to get favor from one's fellow man and the master of the universe, and is unwilling to find unhappiness in one's fellow man and the master of the universe, while the internal restraint Strength is the moral emotion called "conscience", which is cultivated through education based on the desire for harmony and unity among fellow citizens, and is completely in line with human nature and not difficult for people to follow.

The ultimate goal of utilitarianism is the greatest happiness of most people. It is the ultimate goal of alchemists like the Philosopher's Stone, and reasonable means are needed to achieve this goal.

What is justice?The concept of justice has two elements, one is the rules of conduct, and the other is the emotion that agrees with the rules of conduct, that is, the sense of justice. Many people don’t understand why fairness and justice are equated with terror, which restricts people to stay in the Leviathan structure.

For example, when the husband sells slaves, the wife agrees with her husband's behavior. She believes that slaves are property and inviolable private property. Scarlett, like Melanie, donated her wedding ring to support the Confederates in their war effort.

Leviathan doesn't just represent jealousy, national laws are like the rules of the game, what everyone in attendance agrees with is not unfair to each of them, what everyone wants to do is not said to be unfair .Of course slaves are not willing to be slaves, but slave owners can use violence to make slaves willing. When the violence of the Confederate Army cannot contain the violence of the slaves and the Yankee allied forces, slavery will collapse. If the Confederate Army wins, then slavery will continue, even Originally free states would also become slave states.

God bless America, luckily the North won, otherwise America would inevitably go the same way as Rome, with Spartacus uprisings everywhere.

However, slavery was abolished, and the slavery of prisoners reappeared. Scarlett’s lumber factory hired prisoners from prisons as labor force in the initial stage. It used to cost the prisoners, feeding them and so on, but now they can make money. Of course the warden was willing.

"Sinners" should atone for their sins. The police will work hard to catch criminals and put them in prisons so that they can be legally forced to work. This will reduce the tolerance and tolerance of society. It is impossible for a person to make no mistakes in his life. One misstep and one can never recover, and that's why America is full of anxiety, except for the happy fools.

In Hobbes' Leviathan structure, the able-bodied people must force him to work. In order to prevent them from finding a job as an excuse, they must encourage overseas colonization. When the world is overpopulated, the last resort is war. , which will replace God's final judgment and make arrangements for everyone.

As a raw material exporter, it will always be at the bottom of the industrial chain. Although Britain has lost North America, it still has India. The East India Company’s approach is to destroy the local handicraft industry and turn the local people to engage in planting, providing tea, cotton, and grain. And other products, India without industry will always be poor, and the same is true for the North American colonies. They must hand over their iron ore to British factories for processing, and then transport the iron ingots back, which will cost more wheat and sugar in exchange. If they have the ability to process it themselves, there is no need for shipping and additional processing fees.

In 1733, the United Kingdom introduced the "Sugar Act", which imposed a tax on syrup imported from outside the empire, with an additional fee of 6 pounds per gallon. French colony of sugar island - Santo Domingo obtains syrup.Santo Domingo does not have its own rum factory, and their syrup can only be sold for £4 a gallon, well below the £9 to £10 a gallon in Barbados.

The passage of this bill was based on the pressure from the planters of the West Indies. They set up a powerful lobbying group to London on the grounds that trading syrup with foreign countries was harmful to their own interests. Outraged by the shameless act of one colony's interests over another.

But the bill sparked nothing but outrage, because the policy didn't work, and New England wine merchants smuggled molasses under the scrutiny of the British, often bribing customs officials to pretend they didn't see it.

In 1764, the British amended the terms of the Act, which aroused the fury of the people of the thirteen states.During the Seven Years War, many New England merchants traded semi-underground with the French, which gave Americans a bad name in London.Although France had been driven out of American soil during the war, the growing hostility of the native American population led to a large group of British soldiers stationed in the colony, with 26 ships and 1764 soldiers standing offshore.Because the war cost a lot of money, Cabinet Secretary George Grenville decided to let disloyal Americans pay for the costly war. "The Sugar Act of 1767 reduced the tax on non-English molasses to three pounds a gallon, and at the same time it announced the imposition of a compulsory tax. This turned what would have been an ineffective prohibition into a taxation. Finance [-] The situation was made worse by Minister Charles Townsend, who wanted to increase the government's revenue through the tax law, which imposed duties on imported paper, paint, glass and tea. The bill repeated that if British Customs suspected that the goods were smuggled and No tax is paid and they have the power to search the goods using a written order (similar to a normal warrant in the UK).

Napoleon also set up tariff barriers for Italian silk to protect Lyon's silk industry. France does not have the origin of raw silk like Piedmont, but French jacquard machines and patterns are the latest trends. Italian silk suppliers can only imitate .This is like the difference between Hermes and imitation Hermes, the pattern is exactly the same, but the Italian imitation is cheap, if you wear it to a party, others will immediately see that you are a "fake"...

Without tariff barriers, the impact of Italian silk fabrics on French silk fabrics was also limited, as was the mechanized production of British silk. The main rival of French textiles was British cotton fabrics.There are many people who cannot afford silk, and they also have clothing needs.If you look at ancient oil paintings, many civilians wear dull colors, because brightly colored dyes are expensive, and they will choose strong and durable cloth. For these people, it must be cheap and easy to use. What slavery and moral issues are to them It doesn't matter much, as French products lose their competitiveness.

Raise workers' wages and lower their spending on food so they have options elsewhere.As for how to do it, it is a matter for men to deal with. Didn't you see that France regards strikes as a tradition?
What Rousseau said is not entirely correct, but wrestlers don’t eat like women. They need people to repair bridges, canals, railways, houses, sewers, and the new capital of Lyon. There are many roads in the Alps that need to be repaired. It needs to be demolished so that the veterans and sappers have a place to go again.

It stands to reason that Pomona should not be dealing with the British because of the British education system, which has learned so much.

The things Ali Baba stole from the Forty Thieves' caves were smuggled like smugglers, and interest was usually charged on borrowing money. The older brother lent the younger brother food at a fair price, and the younger brother didn't think about giving back with gratitude.

According to the "Quran", men dominate women. According to the right of inheritance, after the death of the elder brother, the wealth will be inherited by the younger brother, although the elder brother inherits the money from his father-in-law.

In the Salem Witch incident, Sarah Good’s father originally owned property, which was inherited by her mother. After her mother remarried, her stepfather took away all the property. Sarah later married, and it was not smooth. In the end, he became a beggar, looked old at a young age, and had two illegitimate children with unknown fathers.

If she had been cruel enough, she should not have had them, so that the two children would not suffer, and Dorothy was driven mad when she was only five years old.

There is a proverb that says, "The poor have a plan, but the rich have a conscience. Although it is not entirely true, Alibaba may have borrowed the hands of robbers to kill his elder brother and steal his sister-in-law's inheritance. The story says The elder brother inherited "all" the family property of the father-in-law, which means that the sister-in-law has no other relatives.

Covering up crimes is also a crime. Rome has religious inquisitions and secular courts, and the trial of Artemisia was carried out by secular courts, but the monks in the city did not see a single person who came out to uphold justice like Daniel.

Artemisia was born in 1593, and the 18th year was 1611. The Reformation came to an end. At that time, Luther split the church because of the corruption of the Holy See and the issue of indulgences.

In 1348, the Black Death occurred in Florence, and 10 young men and women took turns telling stories in the countryside, mocking the darkness and evil of the church. In fact, not only the church, but also the secular world is quite sinful, otherwise there would be no cases of torture victims.The ethics at that time believed that women were symbols of original sin. They were taught by the serpent in the Garden of Eden, learned to lie and seduce, and had to be tortured to tell the truth.

Artemisia repeats over and over in her court transcript, it's true, it's true, but men and judges cover each other, men don't care about wives' chastity because they're sleeping with other people too Wife, if other women are like Artemisia, who can escape?
Such a precedent cannot be opened, and the French atmosphere has been broken for a while. The noble couples have their own lives, but the group has the function of moral self-cleaning, and the feelings are simple and extreme. When the upper class is obsessed with social etiquette disputes, the folks are It is said that the aristocrats could not understand anyone, so they sent a note to the Bastille, and the person on the note would be arrested.

This matter has a nose and an eye, making people feel that those who are locked in are innocent, so that the "rescued" Marquis de Sade also became a committee member.

The French army, which had experienced bloodbath, crossed the Alps and faced the Austrian army first. The Papal State's own general heard that Napoleon was coming, and ran away without seeing him.

In the past, Sforza led the French to invade Italy, and Bonaparte was the second.

For the oppressed, the invaders are also the liberators. It was also when Wellington came to Bordeaux. The Milanese loved Napoleon.

Only after being stationed for a period of time, the French suddenly attacked the Turin Fort guarded by the Italians. At that time, the French tricolor flag was planted on the fort, and Napoleon disbanded that force on the spot.

Later, the French army stationed in Piedmont was stationed in the Papal State, and because of the Turin Fort incident, Governor Jourdan also faced the fate of being abolished. Who will be the next one?
Not only that, Duke Ferdinando of the Principality of Parma died in 1802, and the Bourbon dynasty signed an agreement in 1801 to exchange Tuscany for the Principality of Parma to be incorporated into France. Duke Ferdinand was in France when he died. Surrounded by the army, public opinion almost wrote "murderer" on Bonaparte's forehead.

On National Day in 1802, someone posted a note at the gate of the Tuileries Palace: The silence of the people is a lesson for the king.

It was quickly torn off, and later rumors spread that a light cavalryman who was good at sniping made a drunken gaffe and said that Bonaparte would be killed within 50 paces...

Later, he was reported by his colleagues. He returned to his residence accompanied by a policeman and found some pamphlets. The man panicked and locked up the policeman and fled.

Fouché, who was at the head of the police in Paris at the time, fell out of favor in September, and his intelligence network was divided among several people.It is difficult to be promoted when there is no battle to fight. The former comrades-in-arms hope that the other party will make mistakes so that they can replace them.

The "British Lady" settled the duty-free import of British steel, and while the textile industry suffered setbacks, the steel tycoons made a fortune.

They also know that this matter will not last long, so they have to work overtime. With these people in Congress, they complement the anti-war public opinion among the people.

The key to wine trade is Portuguese wine tariffs. If the Methuen Treaty is torn up, Portugal’s tariff preferences will be gone, but Bonaparte did not open up the market controlled by France, and it would be a loss if the Portuguese market was lost for wine.

However, isn't there still Brazil?

Gold, silver, iron ore, ivory, and timber. William Pitt Jr. felt that Trinidad was more economically valuable than Malta. Bonaparte once asked Georgiana to intervene in timber, but she did not touch it. Later, the British Navy timber supplier A corruption scandal broke out.

Someone once commented that Artemisia had the spirit of Caesar in her soul.

Georgiana, the Scottish rose, replaced the little Cleopatra in Egypt, sitting in an open carriage, driving on the Champs Elysees

However, there are also malicious ones, waiting for "Mr. Smith" to come back.

Many people saw it at the Paris Opera House that day, but the real husband had to sneak into the celebration party wearing a mask to see his wife.

It is said that in the council-room of the Opera the poor husband left an inscription on the back of a chair, the content of which is unknown, but the form resembles that of some Venetian doge.

The doge was not only beheaded by the people, but the portrait was also covered with a black veil, making him the most special one among the many Venetian doges.

It was once said that Napoleon III gave people false hope, but now?
It may take time to prove it.

　Tanabata today...

Jealousy broke my wall (_)
　
(End of this chapter)