Harry Potter Morning Light.

Chapter 1758 The Queen of Hell (29)

The earliest European immigrants kept a certain distance from the Monsi people when they arrived in New York. The Indians were hospitable, but they were not fools. The strange appearance of the Europeans and the big boats they took kept them vigilant. The more familiar they became, they proposed to live with the Indians, and they only asked for a piece of land the size of a vegetable garden.

This piece of land could be covered or surrounded by cowhide, and this piece of cowhide was placed in front of the Indians, so the Indians readily agreed.

But at this moment, the immigrant took out a knife and cut it from one end of the hide into a long rope, no wider than the child's finger, so that when the whole cowhide was cut, the cowhide became a pile of leather ropes, and then they took One end of the rope came out, walking slowly, careful not to break the leather cord.

In the end, the leather rope formed a circle with both ends closed, enclosing a large piece of land. The Indians were amazed at the wit of the immigrants, but they were too lazy to haggle over a small piece of land with them. After all, they still had enough soil of.

After the Indians and the Europeans had lived peacefully for a while, the Europeans always asked for deals from time to time.Shell beads are beads made from oyster shells, found on Staten Island and the east coast of Long Island, and considered a sacred gift of nature.It did not have a currency function at the beginning, but was used as a wedding gift, a symbol of friendship, a token of exchange, and an item of mourning.However, the Dutch, who lacked gold and silver, noticed that the locals valued shell beads, so they used shell beads as currency.

The way Indians made shell beads earlier was very simple. They used stone tools to grind shells into round or oval slices, and then punched holes in them, which required a lot of labor.The Dutch gave European tools to the Shinnecock Indians on Long Island to specialize in the production of shell beads, so that the shell beads became a currency in the European colonies.

There are mainly two kinds of shells that can be used to make shell beads, one is white and the other is black. The white one is the North Atlantic spiral snail, and the black one is the edge of a clam.

In the belief of the Indians, more is better, and loose shell beads are not of high value. Only shell beads made into bead strings or bead belts are considered to have high value.In the 20th century, there was still a game that many American children liked to play, which was to string beads into bracelets, which was a tradition left by early immigrants.After getting European awls and drills, the production of shell beads increased significantly, and men also joined this work that was previously exclusive to women. Work such as hunting and weaving was abandoned. As a result, Indians became more and more dependent on Dutch supplies. of goods.

Realizing the impact of the new tools on their own traditions, some older Indian women refused to use them. However, they refused, and European women could easily do the job for them, so much so that New Amsterdam set official prices, generally at It is said that one copper can be exchanged for six white beads or three black beads.

Later, because too many shell beads were produced, 1659 white beads were worth 16 stuffer in 1. This inflation caused serious damage to the local economy, causing fur prices to soar all the way, and daily transactions became increasingly difficult. It was a mess.

People at that time wanted to control inflation with the previous method, that is, administrative intervention, but the effect was negligible. Later, some smart people bought a large number of shell beads at a low price, and buried the shell beads in the ground, so that the shell beads circulating in the market There were fewer beads, and after a few weeks the price of shell beads was under control. By 1666, 3 shell beads were equivalent to 1 stuffer. These merchants made profits while others suffered heavy losses.

The ingenuity of the Europeans kept the Indians losing land until the Indians discovered that the Europeans wanted all their land.

Colonial expansion influenced Indian wars, as the old saying goes, two competing devils are better than one angel, and to satisfy the European market for furs, the Dutch, British, Swedes, French wanted to Trying to buy them off, even though the Dutch refused to sell guns to the Munseys, they still had them, because the Mohawks had guns at that time, and the Munsies migrated and merged into the Mohawks.

This can be regarded as a tradition of the Indians. The Iroquois would plunder the population through war to make up for the population they lost due to disease and war. Small tribes would also attach to large tribes to obtain the resources they wanted. Captivity was different, and the captives were usually slaves.

Not only Indians learned quickly from Europeans, Europeans also learned quickly from Indians. As the conflicts between Indians and Europeans increased, Europeans were also taken away by Indians as slaves.

Captive Europeans are usually redeemed, and John Alden was assigned to be in charge of this matter. The money must be given by the governor of Massachusetts to protect the king's people, and the conditions are negotiable.

Captives, after all, had been slaves for a while, and were generally looked down upon by the non-captive inhabitants.A priest cited the chapters of the Book of Leviticus in the Bible. All male servants and female servants purchased from foreign countries will be "perpetual slaves". They are the inheritance property of them and their children. Those purchased foreigners cannot be like The Hebrews who were purchased were freed in the millennium, thus distinguishing them from the slaves who came from Africa.Job, who is regarded as the best, is also a slave owner. There is also a story about Noah getting drunk in "Genesis", which may be the earliest sentence about slaves. Michelangelo is on the zenith of the Sistine Chapel Also drew the story, when Noah's sons covered their naked father with robes, Noah cursed the younger son: "You will be your brother's slave."

The pro-slavery clergy in the South cited the Bible to justify slavery. With God as the backer, slavery has an overwhelming moral advantage, and naturally there is no "everyone is equal" in the South.

God made some people kings, some masters and masters, some merchants and laborers, and others servants and slaves. This is what the missionaries argued for social inequality and hierarchy.Cotton from plantations in the south was sent to factories in England for processing. Americans in the south had a closer relationship with Britain than in the north. If slavery is moral, what evil system is there in the world?

The slave owners argued that slavery was a benevolent institution, and that the four world empires in the Bible fought endless wars, and it was slavery that saved the lives of prisoners of war.Southern slave owners did not squeeze labor day and night like northern capitalists. If a slave met a good master, the slave would live more comfortably than the peasants.

There is a kind of rattlesnake on the American continent. When it gives a warning, it will shake its tail and make a crisp sound. Its rattles will increase by one every time it sheds its skin. Newly born rattlesnakes have only one rattle. The older the rattlesnake is The more, the louder the sound, it is the same as the cobra is a poisonous snake.

Then the preacher who said men were not created equal looked more like the devil in disguise.

Overthrowing patriarchy is of course terrifying, and requires a little "offensive" behavior. Robert Filmer of the United Kingdom is the author of "Patriarchy". He said: Monarchs are like Adam, they have absolute authority over creatures .

For the king's supporters, the monarch has inviolable rights, which come from the divinely appointed monarchy.

When the "Glorious Revolution" came in 1688, the Whigs needed a political theory to make their revolutionary party reasonable and get rid of the concept of divine right of kings, and the contract theory modified by Locke tended to this new idea.

In the past, people had no choice but to do nothing when they encountered a foolish king, and the contract required that the kings should exercise their rule properly, otherwise the subjects had the right to revoke their allegiance to them.

Before the 17th century, people generally believed that only through the pope could the allegiance be revoked, because the pope was the representative of the world, and the Protestants believed that they could enjoy the grace of God on an equal footing with the pope, and the pope lost the power to revoke the allegiance of the subjects to the king. This also caused the church to suppress heretics more severely than heretics.

In "On Against Tyrants", it is said that kingship includes two contracts. In the first contract, God is on one side, and the people and the king are on the other side. They maintain the ancient contract that God originally made with his chosen people, that is, the Ten Commandments of Moses. , in the second covenant the king promises the people to rule justly, and the people obey him, so the kings are bound by the covenant to rule justly, and the subjects have a covenant with God to watch over them and make them rule Just, a constitutional monarchy requires the king to sign off on the constitution.Louis XVI accepted the constitution, but when he fled he left a statement on the table condemning the Constituent Assembly for usurping the royal power.

Since the late 17th century, God has withdrawn from direct contact with humans. People no longer hear what it says, or see hallucinations and miracles like the ancient prophets, but hide.

It has become the designer, the first promoter of the universe, and people can understand it by understanding the universe structure created by him, which is also the profound and infinite structure law created by Kepler and Galileo.

Perhaps Isaac Newton did not have the heart of the deification of nature, but the decisive step in the apotheosis of nature originated from him. In 1692, his "Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy" had been published for six years, but with the New World and Europe two years One contact speed, maybe it has not been popularized.

After deifying nature, the church can be easily kicked out, and no one believes in the divine right of kings.

What Newton revealed was the mystery of the harmony between nature and God, but many things did not develop as originally designed. The Salem Witchcraft Trials initially aimed to find out the murderous wizard and restore the normal order of the town, but the accusation of witchcraft instead become a threat to order.

The last person to pose a threat to the normal order of Massachusetts Bay was Anne Hutchinson. She was born in a wealthy Boston family. She was intelligent and charming. The clergy are not "chosen ones", those who have been converted, and such people are not entitled to priesthood, with the exception of community leader John Cotton and her brother-in-law.

Anne challenged the status of women among the Puritans at that time, that is, obedience, prudence, modesty, and diligence. She often preached at her home in Boston, and a large number of followers appeared in the female community. Dissidents.

At that time, Massachusetts was expanding under the leadership of Governor Winthrop, and the Connecticut Valley was not far from New York. As long as England ordered, New York could merge with New Jersey, and Massachusetts could also merge with New Hampshire. New Hampshire was chartered as an independent crown colony with a governor appointed by the king.

Massachusetts also wants to annex Plymouth, Rhode Island, Maine, and especially Maine, which is the territory of France. Military operations are required to occupy it. New York has always avoided the complicated situation brought about by military operations. It wants to make money peacefully. Follow Many of Anne's merchants were ineligible for election, and as Hutchinson's influence grew, Winthrop tried her on charges of heresy and exiled her as a "misfit".

She took her family and some followers to Rhode Island, then moved to New York, where she was killed in an Indian riot in 1643.

Benjamin Hutchinson, 20, was actually her grandson. Compared to his famous grandmother, her children were very low-key. Benjamin's father was also killed in King Philip's War, but the young man ignored it. John Indian.

John Indian served the guests' plates, Benjamin behind the bar, although in a tavern he rarely talked, everyone was busy in his own way, and what they had in common was the Ingersolls.

The judges have found a way out for themselves, but the Putnam family has not. The Ingersolls happen to have many friends, including Pastor Paris and Putnam. Who knows that such a brilliant and powerful person will lose.

The scourge sometimes introduces itself into the house.

If Proctor hadn't taken in Mary Warren, what would have been the fate of that pretty girl?

If a man can not be frightened, this state proves that he is either insane, or stupid, or both.

Mary was just terrified, even though she was only locked up for a day.

She is as beautiful as a rose, and as delicate as a rose. It would have been nice if there had been a "lawyer knight" to protect her at that time. Unfortunately, the court did not allow lawyers, and it was difficult for countrymen to have this legal concept, let alone any good lawyers back then. .

Man is a knife and I am fish, just like the piece of cowhide in front of the Indian. The knife holder can cut it as he wants, and he can circle it as he wants.

After Andros came to power, the "Navigation Act" promulgated by James II was implemented. It was revised three times. The first navigation law prohibited the colonies from conducting any trade with other countries. It can be exported to the United Kingdom and the British colonies. The second navigation law stipulates that all goods shipped from Europe to the colonies must pass through the United Kingdom so that the United Kingdom can levy taxes on them. The third navigation law stipulates that coastal trade between the British colonies should also be taxed.The bureaucrats thought that this would increase the income of the colony, but in fact it was extremely troublesome to implement. When the Bostonians knew that the king had been overthrown by the "Glorious Revolution", they immediately deposed Andros. Arrested and imprisoned.

In 1691, the new British regime merged Plymouth and Massachusetts. The new charter not only gave the royal family the right to appoint a governor, but also restored the Great Court.

Andros also had a lieutenant governor, Francis Nicholson, through whom he administered New York. Nicholson had the support of wealthy local merchants and fur traders, while farmers, artisans, small traders, and shopkeepers supported him. He had deep grudges, and at the head of these rebels was Jakob Reissler, a German married to a wealthy Dutch businessman, rich but never in the ruling class, when news of the fall of Andros in Boston came. Sisler occupied Governor's Island and expelled Nicholson to become the governor of New York. He tried to consolidate his power for two years, but finally failed. In 1691, William and Mary arranged for a new governor, and Sisler resisted for a short time. Although he capitulated soon after, his political enemies charged him with treason, hanged him and a son-in-law, and quartered them.

Since then, there have been Resler factions and anti-Resler factions in the New York political arena. Under such circumstances, the new governor of New York did not surrender to Massachusetts, and of course he did not recognize the title of Boston's first city in North America.

Witchcraft makes the brain run at high speed, the pulse beats heavily, the brain is racked, and the blood roars.

In fact, a wizard can easily become a king's deputy, such as King Arthur and Merlin. Unfortunately, Phipps chose a priest as a consultant. Why didn't he ask Harvard scientists what they think of the trial?

(End of this chapter)