Hand rubbing nuclear fusion live in the wilderness

Chapter 545 Violent Explosion

With the passage of time, the number of viewers in the live broadcast room has also increased.

The news that Betelgeuse is undergoing a supernova explosion has spread almost all over the Internet, and the popularity is extremely high.

In the Internet age, Betelgeuse still has a big name, the most important thing is that it is a massive star that is in its later years and can undergo supernova explosions.

Although previous scientific studies have shown that Betelgeuse may take several 10 years to enter the stage of supernova explosion, people's curiosity and interest in it cannot be avoided.

After all, the distance is too close.

Whether it's watching the most brilliant fireworks in the universe or its impact on the planet, it keeps people's attention.

With the shooting of the visible light observation array mirror, the speed of the collapse of Betelgeuse is getting faster and faster.

Although the analyzed image is not very clear, the Korean Won and the audience in the live broadcast room can still see how the small black dot grows little by little, from less than one ten-thousandth of the original star to the evolution into a small black block occupying one-tenth of the area.

This is an unprecedented feast. More than 40 hours is quite a long time for a human being, but for the evolution of a star, one breath is not enough.

From an astronomical point of view, the collapse speed of Betelgeuse is already quite fast.

Under normal circumstances, unless it is a supernova explosion and a Type Ia supernova explosion, the speed of star collapse will not be so fast.

In particular, Betelgeuse is a red supergiant star in its later years. Due to the gradual increase of the helium sphere in the center, the hydrogen burning layer of its outer shell has also expanded outwards in the past few million years, causing the outer layer of the star to be affected. Thermally expanded to tens of thousands or even hundreds of thousands of times its original size.

If it were at the center of the solar system, its surface would extend beyond the asteroid belt and possibly reach and beyond the orbit of Jupiter, completely sweeping away Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

As a result, it takes more time for the inner collapsing core to eat up most of the outer shell.

The reason why Betelgeuse collapsed so quickly was that its outer shell was torn apart by force majeure, and it began to collapse when the outer shell of the star had no time to replenish the damage.

According to normal development, it may have to wait several decades until all the materials in the core of Betelgeuse are transformed into superheavy atoms such as silicon, magnesium, sulfur, phosphorus, and iron before it begins to collapse.

The collapse of this complete body will be slower than the current abnormal supernova explosion of Betelgeuse.

This is because a large number of remaining elements such as oxygen, neon, and magnesium that are not fully fused in the core of Betelgeuse will capture a large number of outer electrons, and this behavior will accelerate the collapse process.

And as the collapse progresses, the speed of engulfment will also accelerate, and when the core cannot resist its own gravity, it will experience core collapse.

The core collapse is also the moment when a supernova explodes in full swing.

This is the reason for the formation of all types of supernovae except Type Ia explosions.

The result of this collapse is a violent explosion of the star's remnant outer layers as a supernova.

Or because the released gravitational potential energy is insufficient, it collapses into a black hole or a neutron star with a small amount of radiation energy, but this situation will not appear on Betelgeuse.

Its mass determines that it is destined that the outer material will launch a violent impact on the inner dense core, and then produce a collapsed supernova explosion.

It's just that after the explosion, Betelgeuse will form a black hole or a neutron star is uncertain.

In terms of the mass of Betelgeuse, it is not like some massive stars that are bound to form black holes, because its mass is far below that level, but it does not mean that it will definitely be stable after a supernova explosion to form a neutron star.

The mass of Betelgeuse is within the boundary value of forming a black hole and neutron star, so it has a probability of forming a neutron star or a black hole.

This has to be judged according to the form of the explosion and the mass of the ejected material.

Of course, the simpler way to judge is to wait for the supernova to end before observing.

After all, whether neutron stars or black holes are formed, both have their unique stellar performance.

Forty hours is not very long, and as the collapse accelerates, the black area occupying the surface of Betelgeuse is getting bigger and bigger.

At the same time, the number of people in the live broadcast room has reached the peak in history after nearly two days of fermentation. More than [-] million people are squatting in this live broadcast room waiting for the moment when the supernova explodes.

Finally, after a relatively long time, the moment destined to go down in history came.

The inner core that had devoured the middle and outer layers of matter could no longer bear its own gravity, and began to tremble slightly.

Han Yuan looked at the image data sent back by the visible light observation array mirror, and said softly: "Here we come."

Although the words were soft, they were still captured by the camera and passed into the live broadcast room.

After a while of boiling, the audience in the live broadcast room turned off the barrage and gift display one after another, and watched the live broadcast with full concentration.

In the workshop, on the screen displayed by the virtual projection, the black area on Betelgeuse has occupied most of the star after more than 40 hours of phagocytosis and collapse, just like a photo of a black hole. The central area is black, and there are some red and yellow high-temperature substances in the outer layer.

With the completion of the evolution, the picture on the virtual screen seemed to be still, but not long after, the stars in the picture began to tremble.

From mild to serious, and then to the light in Won's mouth, the black star on the screen seemed to launch fireworks into the sky. It was bright at first, then fell into darkness, and finally expanded violently, bursting out dazzling and even dazzling light.

In that short moment, maybe one second, or maybe two seconds, the black star radiated a pale yellow light, and then, in less than a tenth of a second, the dazzling white light occupied the entire screen.

There was a vast expanse of whiteness, and it was so exciting that I couldn't see anything.

But soon, the viewing distance on the screen was zoomed out, and the whole picture of Betelgeuse, which was undergoing a supernova explosion, was displayed on the virtual screen.

It was a group of incomparably incandescent light, and the surroundings were extremely obvious Tyndall effect, light rays, beams, beams of light, light fans... The Tyndall effect of light was most perfectly expressed at this moment.

And the most eye-catching thing is that there are two extremely huge rays of light, or huge beams of light, that traverse the entire light group.

Compared with the blazing whiteness of the star itself, these two huge beams of light are not so bright. Although the brightness is also quite high, they are obviously mixed with some other colors.

This is the gamma-ray burst generated by the magnetic poles, which is invisible to the naked eye because its energy is extremely high, thousands of times higher than that of ordinary visible light.

The reason why it is visible on the virtual screen now is because it has been processed by Xiaoqixiaoling.

If it is facing the earth head-on, it can be said that today is the end of the world.

[Fuck, I'm going blind. 】

【Brighten my titanium alloy dog ​​eyes. 】

【Tears flowed out with stimulation. 】

【What a spectacle! 】

[Is this a supernova explosion? 】

[The burst at that moment was so fast. 】

[The starlight in the dark night records what is happening in the past, just like this eruption, it records the events of the past 600 years. 】

[Those two horizontal beams of light should be gamma ray bursts, right? 】

[If this thing is aimed at the earth, the earth will be gone. 】

[Don't be afraid, even if the gamma ray burst is right on the earth, people will basically disappear when we detect it, and it's useless to worry about it. You should eat and drink. 】

[Every atom in your body came from an exploded star, and the atoms that formed your left hand may have come from a different star than the atoms that formed your right hand.It’s the most poetic thing I know about physics: “We are all stardust.”]

[If you can witness such a supernova explosion once in life, you will have no regrets in death. 】

[Compared to Betelgeuse, Eta Carinae is the real boss. If Eta Carinae is placed in the place of Betelgeuse, the solar system will be completely wiped out. 】

[The universe is so big and there are so many stars, why is it that humans have not been swept away by gamma-ray bursts? 】

[Hurry up, everyone, don't hold your phone, go out and look, there are two suns in the sky! 】

[Stop watching the live broadcast, go out and watch the sky. 】

[Don't watch the live broadcast, go out, there are two suns in the sky! 】

【Mom, why is it so bright?Didn't it mean only the brightness of the moon?This is the second sun soon, right? 】

When the shock brought by the supernova eruption passed, the live broadcast room suddenly became lively.

But soon, someone discovered an abnormality in the sky.

Under the reminder of the barrage, Han Yuan also walked out of the studio. In reality, it was morning, and it was not long before nightfall on his side.

But at this moment, the sky that should normally be dark is extremely bright. In the sky, a bright star illuminates the entire earth, and its brightness is only slightly lower than that of the sun during the day.

This surprised physics experts from all over the world.

Because according to data calculations, even if the Betelgeuse supernova exploded, the brightness would not reach such a high level.

'Apparent magnitude' is an astronomical term referring to the brightness of a star seen by an observer with the naked eye.The apparent magnitude can take negative numbers, the smaller the value, the higher the brightness, and vice versa.

Looking at the apparent brightness of the sun directly from the earth, the apparent magnitude is -26.74; looking at the apparent brightness of the moon, the apparent magnitude is -12.74.

That is to say, the brightness of the currently observed Betelgeuse supernova explosion is brighter than the full moon.

This is completely different from the extrapolated data.

According to data calculations, the apparent magnitude of Betelgeuse's supernova explosion should be only about -12.4, which is a bit dimmer than the full moon.

But now, the apparent brightness of the Betelgeuse supernova explosion can reach -20 apparent magnitude.

Its brightness, if described, may not be much different from the sun in northern winter.

This unscientific!

Normally, the brightness of Betelgeuse's supernova explosion cannot reach this level.

Although Han Yuan was a little surprised by the changes in the brightness of the Betelgeuse supernova explosion, he was not too surprised.

Betelgeuse erupted in advance, and he knew that the brightness of this supernova explosion would increase several levels, but he didn't expect it to increase so much.
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20 apparent magnitude, which is about 3 magnitude higher than what he calculated and expected.

In the original calculation, the brightness of the supernova explosion of Betelgeuse should be around -17 magnitude.

Now it seems that the collapse of Betelgeuse's core is much more violent than he calculated, and there are more elements such as helium, oxygen, and magnesium remaining.

Because only these elements remain more, when the core collapses violently, a higher temperature can erupt and a stronger supernova can erupt.

But at the same time, correspondingly, it also shows that the core of Betelgeuse has a high probability of forming a massive neutron star instead of a black hole.

Because the strong explosion and fusion will not only eject the outer star material, but also tear up part of the inner core and throw it out.

If the mass loss of the core is too large, the possibility of forming a black hole is naturally reduced.

Although this is not very strict, it is relatively easy to understand.

After admiring the scenery outside, Han Yuan returned to the work room. Compared with just now, the number of viewers in the live broadcast room dropped a lot, and everyone went out to see the real scenery.

Betelgeuse on the virtual projection is still shining its light, but this is its last life.

Although a supernova explosion is a short-lived event, the residual light will last for a long period of time.

Take Betelgeuse as an example, the current brightness will last for about 30 days, that is to say, within 30 days, you can see this most beautiful star in the sky no matter it is day or night.

And after 30 days, the brightness of Betelgeuse will gradually decrease, but in the following year, it is still the most beautiful cub in the sky except the sun, even the moon cannot compare to it.

Until a year later, the brightness of Betelgeuse will gradually dissipate, and finally a huge nebula will be formed in its original position.

At that time, human beings will have another observation material with extremely high value.

Even in the future, humans can see how a star is born.

Because for a massive star like Betelgeuse, a supernova explosion is the end of its life, but it is also the origin of another star or two.

Although it has burned most of the hydrogen in its body over the past few million or tens of millions of years, there is still enough left over for one or two or even more stars to form.

It's just that the follow-up formation took a very long time, which is roughly calculated in units of hundreds of millions of years.

In the studio, the visible light observation array mirror and infrared light observation system are still working stably, and the supernova on the virtual screen is still dazzling, but Won has already shifted his attention to the first batch of data sent back by the No. [-] outer space infrared telescope and other satellites.

Compared with the data captured by the visible light observation array mirror, the infrared light observation system and other observation systems can see more things and details.

If there is anything discovered in the supernova explosion, it is basically in these data.

(End of this chapter)