Xueba starts with change

Chapter 622 Meeting Arrangements
As for sorting out the literature, Chen Zhou sorted it out selectively.

Relevant research literature on physics first, and then relevant research literature on mathematics.

After all, gauge theory and the Yang-Mills equations were created because of the study of physics.

At the beginning of the 20th century, people only recognized two kinds of interaction forces, that is, gravitational interaction and electromagnetic interaction.

Later, in the general theory of relativity, Einstein obtained the theory of gravitation by using the treatment of coordinate invariance.

As a pioneer of gauge field theory, Professor Weil was also inspired by the theory of gravity.

He wanted to find a geometric theory that could include both gravitational and electromagnetic interactions.

At this time, Professor Weil chose Maxwell's equations.

Maxwell's equations can not only calculate the electric field produced by charge or magnetic field, and the magnetic field produced by electric current.

This equation is also giving out an important law of conservation in the electromagnetism.

That is the conservation of charge.

According to Noether's law, the conservation of charge should correspond to a symmetry.

And Professor Weil wanted to figure out what kind of symmetry corresponds to the conservation of charge.

Digging deeper, he discovered that the conservation of charge corresponds to a local symmetry involving each point.

This is another beauty of Maxwell's equations, which guarantee a local symmetry of charge conservation through the inherent behavior of electromagnetic force.

Based on this, Professor Weil proposed a new invariance.

That is, gauge invariance.

And, he further proved that both gravitational theory and electromagnetic theory have this invariance.

Looking at this document on the introduction of gauge theory, Chen Zhou picked up a pen and wrote down several key words on the draft paper, including Maxwell's equations, Noether's law and gauge invariance.

To sort out the literature, it is necessary to start from the source.

This is Chen Zhou's long-standing habit.

Even if he is quite familiar with the theoretical concepts involved.

Glancing at a few key words on the draft paper, Chen Zhou thought about it carefully before raising his head to look at the document on the computer screen again.

This look is a whole morning.

Chen Zhou didn't leave his seat all morning.

The draft paper in front of him also changed from the first few key words to a dozen or so sheets.

It's not an exaggeration, but Chen Zhou's efficiency in sorting out documents is no longer an exaggeration.

"From this point of view, Mr. Yang's contribution to gauge field theory is certainly important, but without Professor Weil's early work, the proposal of gauge field theory would have to be delayed by at least ten years, or even Not only that. It's just a pity..."

"But just like I always thought, it is necessary to stand on the shoulders of giants..."

Looking at the draft paper in front of him, Chen Zhou sighed softly.

As Chen Zhou said, if Professor Weil hadn't identified gauge invariance as phase factor transformation.

And it was later realized that the phase of the "wave function" in quantum mechanics is a new local variable.

Based on this, it is pointed out that the invariance of the physical system under this transformation is called U(1) symmetry.

This research on gauge field theory will always be in a passive state.

It is precisely because of this research achievement of turning passive into active that the research on gauge theory has been brought to a new level.

U(1) symmetry is a relatively simple local symmetry.

And because the phase factors of any two points in space can be reversed, it is also called Abelian symmetry.

It is this gauge invariance, that is, the conservation of charge, that determines all electromagnetic interactions.

It also successfully turned passive into active.

In addition, it is precisely because of Professor Weil's research on gauge field theory that another very important conclusion has been reached.

This conclusion is also the initial starting point of later gauge field theory.

That is, all the gauge interactions must be transferred through the gauge particles.

It was this excellent research result that Pauli quoted in his own article, thus attracting Mr. Yang.

However, since 1929, the academic community has agreed to look at electromagnetic phenomena from the perspective of normative theory, which is a very beautiful mathematical perspective.

However, this theory does not lead to any new physical results.

However, this cannot be blamed on Professor Weil's theory.

Just because when he published the paper, people had not yet correctly understood the composition of the atomic nucleus.

Not to mention, there is the concept of strong interactions.

Therefore, Professor Weil's normative theory has no opportunity for new applications.

This is why Chen Zhou said it was a pity.

As for what Chen Zhou said, it is still necessary to stand on the shoulders of giants.

It is because the gauge transformation and local symmetry ideas left by Professor Weil have been well developed by Mr. Yang.

Mr. Yang extended gauge invariance to isospin conservation in strong interactions.

Isospin conservation is similar to charge conservation.

Because they all reflect a hidden symmetry within the system.

Isospin is also one of the important properties of elementary particles. It is a physical quantity used to distinguish elementary particles such as protons and neutrons in the nucleus.

Most importantly, experiments have proved that the strong interaction in the nucleus has the property of being independent of charge.

Just like the strong interactions between protons and protons, neutrons and neutrons, and protons and neutrons are the same.

This also shows that, as far as the strong interaction is concerned, there is no difference between protons and neutrons.

Because protons and neutrons are so similar, physicists have proposed to describe them as a kind of particle.

That is to say, protons and neutrons are regarded as two different states of the same particle.

In the same group, the particles with close mass and the same parity but different charges can be regarded as the same particle in different states.

The isospin, a new physical quantity, was introduced to describe the properties of this doublet or multiple state.

The main significance of isospin in physics is that when particles collide under strong interaction, their isospin is conserved.

That is, in the process of strong interaction, the total isospin value remains unchanged, but in the process of weak interaction and electromagnetic interaction, isospin is not conserved.

Based on the law of isospin, Mr. Yang tried to extend the gauge invariance to the law of isospin conservation.

In order to achieve the same purpose as Professor Weil, which is to localize the isospin and study the resulting interaction.

What happened later was that Mr. Yang and Professor Mills successfully extended gauge invariance to isospin and non-variable variables.

Only then have the current gauge field theory and the Yang-Mills equation.

Of course, the persistence of Mr. Yang and Professor Mills is also a good story of this research.

"Ding!"

"Ding, ding!"

Another sound of "ding", "ding", "ding" interrupted Chen Zhou's thoughts.

Looking at the computer, there was another batch of downloaded documents, and a slight smile appeared on the corner of Chen Zhou's mouth.

If Mr. Yang is standing on the shoulders of Professor Weil, then he is on the shoulders of all predecessors in physics.

Even, because of the existence of wrong question sets, his shoulders will only stand higher and higher.

Withdrawing his gaze, Chen Zhou tidied up the draft paper in front of him, then got up and prepared to eat.

Chen Zhou didn't turn off the computer on the table.

There, there are still a large number of documents, which have not been downloaded yet.

Walk out of the small room and come to the big office outside.

Chen Zhou found out that the four of them, Xu Zhiqing, had already left the office.

In fact, if it wasn't for Xu Zhiqing's reminder, Chen Zhou probably would still be immersed in the literature.

Although the state of immersion was interrupted, Chen Zhou still felt somewhat uncomfortable.

But Chen Zhou didn't care too much.

After all, this is just an early literature review, not an important moment to find inspiration.

After leaving the office, Chen Zhou went to have a simple lunch.

Then, he returned to the office again.

Same as in the morning, as soon as Chen Zhou sat at the desk, he never moved his butt.

Following the document sorting work in the morning, after Chen Zhou entered the state, he started the document harvesting mode again.

Until the completion of the plan, after the 40 documents that must be sorted out today.

Chen Zhoucai slowly put down the pen in his hand, and glanced at the time in the lower right corner of the computer.

"Yeah, before I knew it, it was already 6 o'clock..."

That's right, even though the computer in front of him was turned on all the time, Chen Zhou didn't pay attention to the time at the bottom right corner where he could see everything clearly at a glance.

Stretching, Chen Zhou glanced at the computer that had finally completed the download task.

After thinking about it, I didn't copy the documents away, but after saving the folder, I turned off the computer directly.

Then tidy up the slightly messy draft paper on the table.

Chen Zhou got up and was about to leave the office.

As soon as he walked out of the small room, Chen Zhou realized that Xu Zhiqing hadn't left yet.

Seeing Chen Zhou appearing suddenly, Xu Zhiqing was also obviously taken aback.

"Chen...Professor Chen, are you still here?"

Chen Zhou was taken aback for a moment, and asked suspiciously, "Where am I going?"

Hearing this question, Xu Zhiqing looked at Chen Zhou in embarrassment, and said in a low voice, "We haven't seen you all afternoon, so we thought you had already left. I didn't expect you to be in the office all this time..."

Chen Zhou suddenly realized that it seemed that his four assistants didn't see him when they came to the office in the afternoon after lunch, and mistakenly thought that he didn't come in the afternoon.

Chen Zhou laughed lightly and said, "I came over directly after lunch, and you were not there when I came."

"Oh." Xu Zhiqing nodded like a chicken pecking rice.

Immediately, Xu Zhiqing couldn't help but blush when she thought of the heated discussion among the people in the afternoon.

Seeing this, Chen Zhou asked, "What's the matter with you? Are you uncomfortable?"

"No, no..." Xu Zhiqing shook her head quickly, and said with some embarrassment, "It's just that we talked too loudly in the afternoon, didn't we bother you?"

Chen Zhou looked at Xu Zhiqing, smiled and said, "That's not true. Once I start working, it's hard to be disturbed by others. So you can rest assured that I didn't hear what you said at all..."

For some reason, when Xu Zhiqing heard Chen Zhou's words, she was relieved and at the same time slightly disappointed.

Xu Zhiqing, who was aware of her emotional changes, quickly adjusted her mentality, and said with a smile: "Professor Chen, no wonder others say that you are a person who is really dedicated to research, and I think so."

Not noticing Xu Zhiqing's subtle expression change, Chen Zhou just smiled softly, and then said, "Thank you for reminding me to eat at noon today."

Xu Zhiqing hurriedly said, "Professor Chen, you are being polite."

Chen Zhou didn't say anything more, said goodbye to Xu Zhiqing, and left the office straight away.

In the next few days, Chen Zhou did not retreat and study in the dormitory as usual.

In addition to going to the Institute of High Energy on the way, I held a seminar with the researchers of the research team and decided on the follow-up research topics.

He spent all his time in this office in the mathematics department.

Oh yes, halfway through, Chen Haining called again.

On his side, the communication with the relevant person in charge of Huawei also had results.

It is not necessary for Chen Zhou to go to the Huawei headquarters in Shenzhen, nor is it necessary for Chen Zhou to go to Shanghai where Chen Haining is.

The person in charge of Huawei stated very directly that Professor Chen's research could not be delayed, and he came directly to Yanjing for a detailed discussion.

For this, Chen Zhou was naturally willing to wait in Yanjing.

Indeed, as the person in charge of Huawei said, Chen Zhou, who once again devoted himself to the research of new topics, clearly felt that time began to become more and more tense.

Chen Haining naturally knew this, so he made an appointment to meet in Yanjing.

The time is about this weekend, which is April 4.

When the time comes, Chen Haining will come over early and make all the arrangements.

In addition, Chen Haining also told Chen Zhou that there was good news for him.

Chen Zhou thought about it, and roughly guessed what the good news was.

However, he didn't say it directly.

Soon it will be April 4th, and tomorrow is the day to meet with the relevant person in charge of Huawei.

Chen Zhou, like the previous two days, still spent his time in his office.

For Chen Zhou's uncharacteristic behavior, his four beautiful assistants were all a little surprised.

You know, Chen Zhou seldom came to the office before.

Therefore, while the four of them were puzzled, they were also a little curious, how did Chen Zhou suddenly change his sex?
Therefore, Xu Zhiqing was encouraged to ask Chen Zhou.

This is also because, after getting along these few days, the four of them also know that Chen Zhou is a very gentle person.

In addition to the amazing research perseverance, I usually chat with them talking and laughing.

However, before Xu Zhiqing asked, Chen Zhou told them that he had something to do tomorrow, so he would not come over.

In addition, it is estimated that they will not come over next week, so let them arrange Friday's class in advance, and tell the substitute professor not to crash the car at that time.

Xu Zhiqing and the others who heard Chen Zhou's words looked at each other in blank dismay.

Could it be that Professor Chen overheard my conversation?
Then people are not happy to come?
Moreover, why did Professor Chen leave so early today?
It was Xu Zhiqing who was the first to react and responded.

Although Chen Zhou was a little strange, he didn't ask any more questions, but left the office directly.

In fact, he left so early today, not because of anything else.

Instead, Chen Haining has already arrived at Yanda University.

He needs to meet with Chen Haining first to talk about the arrangements for tomorrow's meeting.

Chen Zhou, who walked out of the administrative building, saw that familiar figure within two steps.

　Thanks to book friend Yan Hongxue for the 100 starting coins!
　　Thanks to book friend Zheng Fugui zz for the 100 starting coins!
　　
　
(End of this chapter)