Xueba starts with change

Chapter 458 It’s time to process the data (5000 in [-] [-]+)

One, two...

Three, four...

It was not until the 87 documents were downloaded that Chen Zhou stopped the document search.

Instead, I concentrated on studying these downloaded documents.

Between the last experimental data and a large amount of literature, Chen Zhou chose the latter.

In other words, the experimental data that Chen Zhou has not processed until now has to go back a little bit.

And Professor Friedman, who had never looked for Chen Zhou, had to wait for a while before Chen Zhou took the initiative to look for him.

The literature downloaded by Chen Zhou almost covers the experimental papers published by major research laboratories in the world.

Also contains some of the first edition papers on the preprint site.

Of course, Chen Zhou really only used these preprints as a reference.

The time quickly reached noon, and Chen Zhou, who had always been immersed in the documents, also put down his pen after combing another document.

The time of physics that belongs today has passed.

After eating, it's time for math.

"How about starting with Galois theory?"

Sitting in front of the desk again, Chen Zhou habitually tapped the draft paper with a pen.

I glanced at the content sorted out last night, and then looked at the draft paper written on the side. One of the two major problems left by the old Professor Artin was called by Professor Artin as a sub-project of "Galois Group". A Linear Representation of the Artin L-Function".

In the end, it was decided to start with Galois theory first.

Chen Zhou still somewhat admires this not-so-familiar theory.

Chen Zhou admired the mathematician commemorated by this theory.

The history of mathematics is the history of geniuses, and Galois is undoubtedly the genius of geniuses.

During the five years from the age of 16 to the age of 21, he systematically developed the fantastic idea of ​​replacing calculation with group theory, and created the extremely beautiful Galois theory.

It is no exaggeration to say that Galois theory is the way to enter modern number theory and even modern mathematics.

When Wiles proved Fermat's last theorem, he mainly applied Galois theory.

The only pity is that Galois's age will always stop at 21 years old.

Otherwise, he is likely to become someone who surpassed the great mathematicians such as Gauss, Cauchy, and Fourier of his time.

Because none of the great mathematicians of that era understood Galois' theory.

For example, Abel's paper "There is no general algebraic solution to the quintic equation in one variable" used more than 50 pages and a lot of calculations to demonstrate that it is impossible to solve the general quintic equation in radical form.

However, if Galois theory is used to demonstrate this point.

The demonstration process is "the Galois group of the general quintic equation is isomorphic to the full permutation group S5, and S5 is not a solvable group, so the general quintic equation cannot be solved by radicals."

This kind of gap does not need to be carefully tasted.

When you see a large number of problems that are difficult to prove through complicated calculations.

When it can be proved concisely and precisely using sophisticated mathematical structures.

The beauty of Galois' theory is reflected.

In Chen Zhou's words, unless he can come up with a mathematical tool and research direction as great as Galois theory next year.

Otherwise, he has really verified a sentence, that is, some people can't catch up even if they really cheat...

What's more frightening is that Chen Zhou remembers seeing it somewhere, when the 21-year-old Galois wrote his main research results on scratch paper with extremely streamlined and leaping thinking.

No one knew that Galois' theory had been in Galois's mind for more than a year.

Of course, Galois may have driven a bigger plug-in...

Chen Zhou soon became immersed in Galois theory.

"The combination of numbers and operations can form a mathematical structure, which is a more essential and abstract mathematical structure..."

"When we continue to abstract this structure away from numbers and operations in the conventional sense, the concept of 'group' is formed..."

It was the first time for Chen Zhou to understand the concept of "group" from this perspective, and he couldn't help feeling a little surprised.

Plus the concepts of rings and domains.

These abstract guys also appeared.

Groups cannot be formed casually.

domain, perhaps more complex.

And these are also the steps that need to be stepped on when climbing the peak of Galois theory.

It is also what Chen Zhou is addicted to at this moment.

"If you take groups, rings, and domains as the starting point, then the extended domain, radical solvability, and radical towers in Galois theory are ingenious concepts..."

"And the automorphism of domains, the Galois group and the Galois correspondences are the strokes of magic..."

The pen in Chen Zhou's hand left lines of text and mathematics on the draft paper.

The draft paper also changed from one to two, and then to three...

Zhang Zhang was filled to the brim.

And these are the proofs of the passage of time.

After spending two days, Chen Zhou focused on the Galois theory and gave it a deep understanding.

If someone sees the draft paper of Chen Zhou's research on Galois theory.

You will be surprised to find that this guy actually simulated a kind of thinking process of Galois.

That is, Galois created the idea of ​​"Galois theory".

Simply put, it is looking at numbers and computation at a higher level.

Then the concepts of group and domain are formed.

Then, through the method of domain and domain expansion, a more accurate mathematical definition is given which can be solved by the radical formula of the equation.

From the research on the field, it is found that some kind of automorphic mapping of the field corresponds to the replacement of the root of the equation.

Thus found the mystery of the equation radical can be solved.

Then hold the key to open the door to the mystery, that is, the Galois correspondence, which beautifully corresponds the domain column and the group column.

Finally, based on profound logical derivation, the concept of solvable groups is formed.

And conveniently proves the equivalence relation between radical solvability and Galois group being solvable group.

Does it sound like a step-by-step process that doesn't take much time?

Actually, it didn't take much time.

Galois nominally spent 5 years, but in fact, it may not even be a year.

He created the core content of these Galois theories.

When Chen Zhou was studying and researching Galois theory, he also remembered a famous saying of Galois:

"Break out of calculations, group operations, and classify them according to their complexity, not their appearance..."

After the Galois theory, Chen Zhou turned back to the "Linear representation of the Artin L function of the Galois group" sub-project "Artin L function".

In this way, after returning from Providence, Chen Zhou started a new round of rotation learning mode.

In physics, a holistic review of the literature is carried out.

Rely on the direction judgment of the wrong question set to determine your own research direction and the feasibility of the experiment.

In mathematics, sub-topics and brother guessing go hand in hand.

However, sub-topics progress faster and take more time.

As for Brother Guess, he can only make soy sauce by the side, and check from time to time to see if there is any movement in the distribution deconstruction method.

This does not violate Chen Zhou's original intention.

Because Chen Zhou was looking for and supplementing the knowledge of algebraic geometry.

His purpose is to develop the distribution deconstruction method through the content of algebraic geometry.

So as to solve the answer to the difficult problem of guessing from the side.

During this time, Yang Yiyi was mainly with LIGO.

On the way, I followed Professor Weiss to Europe for an academic exchange.

Regarding this, Yang Yiyi also specifically asked Chen Zhou whether his mentor had mentioned this matter to him.

Chen Zhou's answer was naturally no.

It has been too long since he has met Professor Friedman.

Not even email communication.

Of course, there is no possibility of academic exchanges.

Yang Yiyi was still a little strange when she heard Chen Zhou's answer.

This European academic exchange in physics is mainly about high energy physics.

And it is also in charge of CERN, the largest particle physics laboratory in the world.

It seems to be a summary of the physics discoveries and research progress in 2016.

In one sense, this is not an insignificant society meeting.

Friedman, as a big cow in the field of high-energy physics, is very likely to participate.

How come you didn't mention it?

Chen Zhou didn't explain much about this. Anyway, he is also addicted to his own rhythm now, unable to extricate himself.

Apart from not being able to go to Europe to meet Yang Yiyi, Chen Zhou was happy to stay in the dormitory.

Anyway, for the academic exchange hosted by CERN, you will definitely be able to see the content of the relevant conference later.

And physics in 2016 can only be said to be fairly stable.

The most notable is the discovery of gravitational waves last year.

Therefore, although Chen Zhou knew about the academic exchange of physics in Europe from Yang Yiyi.

But he didn't take the initiative to go to Friedman and ask about the situation.

Chen Zhou believes that if Friedman has arrangements, he will definitely notify himself in advance.

And Friedman never looked for him from the beginning to the end, which means that either Friedman took someone else there, or Friedman himself didn't go.

Chen Zhou prefers the latter.

For such an old man, and an old scholar immersed in his own research, Chen Zhou felt that he was more likely to stay in the office.

Like myself, I am waiting for the content of relevant meetings of CERN.

The facts also confirmed Chen Zhou's guess. After the academic exchange in Europe started, Yang Yiyi told Chen Zhou that she did not see Professor Friedman.

And during the academic exchange time throughout Europe, Friedman never approached Chen Zhou.

After this academic exchange ended, Yang Yiyi also returned to LIGO.

Chen Zhou once asked Yang Yiyi when she would return to MIT.

But Yang Yiyi didn't know it herself, and there was no definite time.

Chen Zhou had no choice but to joke that if he didn't come back, the next time he came to MIT would be the next semester...

That's right, as winter gets colder and colder, the time is getting closer to the date of winter vacation.

When Yang Yiyi heard Chen Zhou's words, she just stared at Chen Zhou in a daze for a while, then said with a smile: "Then when I come back, let's go home together~"

As expected by Chen Zhou, on December 12, CERN took the initiative to publish the contents of the last academic conference.

It is mainly what Yang Yiyi said, the review of 2016 and the outlook for the new year.

At the same time, it also revealed part of CERN's experimental plan for the next year.

These contents, Chen Zhou is basically in the video with Yang Yiyi, and Yang Yiyi has heard it.

And nothing new.

Moreover, the tone of physics is now largely set.

Physics inside the Standard Model, and new physics outside the Standard Model.

Both are central tasks in the current development of physics.

In addition, since it is an academic exchange meeting hosted by CERN.

Naturally, a wave of CERN's own deeds is indispensable.

However, these are indeed the achievements of CERN.

Just like CERN's Large Hadron Collider LHC at 100m underground, at the end of June this year, the operating brightness reached the original design index, that is, the collision event rate of 6^10/cm·s.

And in the first half of 2016, CERN carried out several experiments on the LHC, the results of the new data obtained, the research on the God particle "Higgs boson", the signal significance has exceeded the first phase of the operation result.

In addition, at the end of 2015, signs of a new particle with a mass of 750GeV appeared on the LHC, which became the focus of discussion among theoretical physicists.

Unfortunately, however, as the latest research data this year shows, this sign is only an illusion caused by statistical fluctuations.

These results or falsifications are also showing the strength of CERN.

In other words, it heralds the birth of new physics, and it will appear here at CERN.

Although the absence of new physical signals has further compressed the living space of various new physical theories, including supersymmetry theories.

In addition, neutrino physics, low-energy strong interaction physics and the search for dark matter are places that attract Chen Zhou's attention.

Especially in neutrino physics, another Nobel Prize-level achievement may be born.

This is what the Italian GERDA experiment reported, in which they stated that no neutrinoless double-beta decay was detected.

This result is more sensitive than previous results.

If such a decay is detected, the neutrino is its own antiparticle, the Majorana particle.

It's definitely fun enough.

Of course, before that, Chen Zhou's first major project in the field of physics, "Where is the glue ball" has not yet been accurately settled.

But, it's coming soon.

Closing the page of CERN's official website casually, Chen Zhou was about to return to his glueball world.

After sorting out the literature for more than half a month, I finally came to the experimental data of SLAC this time, and it was time to process the data.

It's finally time to get real.

The previous content can be said to be preparation.

But when it comes to the experimental data, it is really to set the experimental parameters for the next experiment.

As soon as Chen Zhou opened the file, before he had time to unfold his favorite draft paper, he heard a knock on the door.

Chen Zhou got up suspiciously and went to open the door.

Standing outside the door were two unexpected people.

After seeing the faces of the two of them clearly, Chen Zhou asked in surprise: "Senior brothers, when did you come back? In the previous email, you said that you don't know when you will come back?"

The two people standing at the door were none other than Coyle and Matheson, who were both PhD students under Friedman.

The two had been left there by Friedman since their last visit to the SLAC lab.

In the email exchange just a week ago, the two of them complained to Chen Zhou that they couldn't come back for Christmas.

As a result, before Christmas, both of them have already returned.

Hearing what Chen Zhou said, Coyle immediately said narrowly: "We are here to urge you to process the experimental data quickly, but Professor Cross complains to us from time to time."

"I said that every time I sent you an email, you said that it was still being processed, but after so long, it still seemed like there was no progress at all on your side. He was really exhausted from waiting..."

Chen Zhou froze for a moment, then laughed softly: "I'll start processing the experimental data right away, don't rush..."

Speaking of Professor Cross, Chen Zhou was actually quite sorry.

Cross is the conscientious type.

After Friedman's trip to the seaside, Cross seriously performed the duties of an "elder".

After all, he came to SLAC earlier than Chen Zhou.

And no matter in terms of qualifications or academic achievements in physics, they are all higher than Chen Zhou.

Therefore, Cross wanted to take Chen Zhou with him and avoid detours.

At least not to disappoint Friedman.

Compared with the rest of the people Friedman arranged in SLAC, they can't lose.

Unexpectedly, after Chen Zhou returned to MIT, it was as if he had disappeared.

No news at all.

Only when he voluntarily sends an email to inquire, Chen Zhou will tell him "Yes, the data is being processed, I will send it to you later".

It is almost invariable, always this sentence.

Therefore, Cross was anxious and didn't know what to do.

This also leads to the complaints and complaints that Coyle said.

For this, Chen Zhou was quite ashamed.

It is also because of Cross's identity that Chen Zhou can't treat him like he treats classmates and friends like Shen Jing and Zhang Yifan.

It is even more impossible to cooperate with Cross like the cooperation method with Yang Yiyi.

If that was the case, Chen Zhou reckoned that he would not be able to explain it clearly.

Therefore, in desperation, Chen Zhou had no choice but to adopt such a strategy of delaying the attack.

It is best to wait until you have finished processing the data and hand in a complete "answer sheet".

Then there will be Cross to review, help to revise, check for omissions and fill in vacancies, and it will be OK.

Chen Zhou sometimes thinks that it would be great if Cross was not an old man in SLAC or a professor in the Department of Physics.

Then he can use Cross to look up documents and sort out the materials as well as he used Shen Jing and Zhang Yifan.

Just one more good helper for a lot of work.

Otherwise, I wouldn't have made sufficient preparations until now...

After Chen Zhou's voice fell, Coyle and Mai Xisen looked at each other, and they both said in surprise: "You really haven't processed the experimental data yet, have you?"

It seemed to them that it had been such a long time since the experiment was over.

No matter how slow and procrastinated Chen Zhou is, it is impossible that the processing of experimental data has not started yet.

Moreover, they have also read Chen Zhou's paper.

Chen Zhou, who has a very high mathematical talent, is extremely sensitive to data.

When dealing with experimental data, it should be more handy.

How is it possible that there has been no progress for such a long time?

Chen Zhou laughed softly: "No, I just wrote two data, so it should be counted?"

Coyle: "...???"

Matheson: "...???"

　Thanks to book friend Monory Xiaoxing for the 100 starting coins!
　　Thanks to book friends 160429234408830 for the 100 starting coins!
　　
　
(End of this chapter)